Pope Pius IX

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Pope Pius IX (Italian: Pio ; May 13, 1792 - February 7, 1878) Mastai -Ferretti , was the head of the Catholic Church since 16 June 1846 until his death on February 7, 1878. He was the elected pope in power in the history of the Catholic Church, serving for more than 31 years. During his pontificate, Pius IX held the First Vatican Council (1869-70), prescribing the infallibility of the whales, but the council was cut short due to the disappearance of the Papal States.

Europe, including the Italian peninsula, was in the midst of considerable political upheaval when the Spoleto bishop, Cardinal Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was elected pope. He took the name Pius, after his generous patron and Napoleon's old prisoner, Pius VII. He had been elected by a cardinal faction sympathetic to political liberalization that spread throughout Europe, and his early rule in the Pontifical State provided evidence of his own moderate sympathy; under his direction various political prisoners in the United States were released. A series of terrorist acts sponsored by Italian liberals and nationalists, including the murder of (among others) the Minister of the Interior, Pellegrino Rossi, and who forced him briefly to flee from Rome in 1848, along with the widespread revolution in Europe, led to his skepticism the greater the liberal nationalist agenda. Through the 1850s and 1860s, Italian nationalists made military gains against the Papal States, culminating in the seizure of Rome in 1870 and the dissolution of the Papal States. Thereafter, Pius IX refused to accept the Guarantee Law of the Italian government, which would make the Holy See dependent on laws that could be changed by the Italian parliament at all times. Pius refused to leave Vatican City, and was later called (especially himself) as "Prisoner of the Vatican". His church's policy toward other countries, such as Russia, Germany or France, is not always successful, partly because of the change of secular institutions and internal developments in these countries. However, concordats are concluded with many countries, such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras, El Salvador, and Haiti.

Pius is a pope of Mary, who in his encyclical Primum uri emphasizes Mary's role in salvation. In 1854, he announced the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, articulating the long-held Catholic belief that Mary, the Mother of God, was conceived without original sin. He gave the title of Mother of Immortal Help on the famous Byzantine icon of Crete entrusted to the Redemptorists. In 1862, he collected 300 bishops to the Vatican for the canonization of the Twenty Six Japanese Martyrs. His 1864 Error Syllabus stands as a powerful condemnation of liberalism, modernism, moral relativism, secularization, and the separation of church and state, effectively reaffirming Catholic doctrine of the state's recognition of the Catholic faith as a crucial religious state in countries where the majority of the population is Catholic. However, his most important legacy was the First Vatican Council, held in 1869, which defined the dogma of papal infallibility, but was interrupted when Italian nationalist forces threatened Rome. The council was thought to have contributed to the centralization of the church at the Vatican, while also clearly defining the authority of the Pope's doctrine.

Many contemporary ecclesiastical historians and journalists question his approach. His call for worldwide public support of the Holy See after he became a "prisoner of the Vatican" resulted in a revival and spread throughout the Pence Peter Catholic Church, used today to enable the Pope to "respond to those who suffer as a result of war, oppression, , and disease ". After his death in 1878, the canonization process opened on February 11, 1907 by Pope Pius X, and it has invited much controversy over the years. It was closed on several occasions during the papacy of Pope Benedict XV and Pope Pius XI. Pope Pius XII reopened the cause on 7 December 1954, and Pope John Paul II proclaimed it on July 6, 1985. He was beatified on 3 September 2000 after the recognition of a miracle. Pius IX was assigned the liturgical holiday on February 7, the date of his death.

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Initial life and service

Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was born on May 13, 1792. He was the ninth child born in Senigallia to the noble family of Girolamo dei conti Ferretti, and was baptized on the same day as the birth of Giovanni Maria Giambattista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro. He was educated at Piarist College in Volterra and in Rome. As a young man in Guardia Nobile, the young Count Mastai is engaged to marry an Irish woman, Miss Foster (daughter of Bishop of Kilmore), and arrangements made for the wedding that will take place at San Luigi dei Francesi Church. Mastai's parents oppose marriage and, in the event, he does not show up at church on a given day.

As a theological student in his hometown of Sinigaglia, in 1814 he met Pope Pius VII, who had returned from French custody. In 1815, he entered the Papal Pontifical Guard but was soon dismissed after an epileptic seizure. He threw himself at the feet of Pius VII, who raised him and supported his ongoing theological studies.

The pope initially insisted that other priests should help Mastai during Holy Mass, a provision that was later revoked, after the seizure of the confiscation became less frequent. Mastai was ordained a priest on April 10, 1819. At first he worked as rector of the Tata Giovanni Institute in Rome. Shortly before his death, Pius VII sent him as Auditor to Chile and Peru in 1823 and 1825 to assist Apostolic Nuncio, Monsignore Giovanni Muzi and Monsignore Bradley Kane, in the first mission to post-revolution South America. The mission aims to map the role of the Catholic Church in the newly independent South American republic. He was the first ever whale in America. When he returned to Rome, the successor of Pius VII, Pope Leo XII appointed him as head of the San Michele hospital in Rome (1825-1827) and the Santa Maria canon on Via Lata.

Pope Leo XII appointed the Mastai-Ferretti Archbishop of Spoleto in 1827 at the age of 35. In 1831, the failed revolution that began in Parma and Modena spread to Spoleto; The Archbishop receives a general pardon after he is oppressed, gaining a reputation as a liberal. During the earthquake, he made a reputation as an efficient and charitable aid provider. The following year he was transferred to the more prestigious Imola Diocese, made a cardinal in pectore in 1839, and in 1840 was publicly announced as Cardinal-Imam Santi Marcellino e Pietro. As in Spoleto, its episcopal priority is the formation of priests through better education and charity. He became famous for visiting prisoners in prison, and for programs for street children. Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti was considered liberal during the diocese in Spoleto and Imola because he supported administrative changes in the Papal States and sympathized with the nationalist movement in Italy.

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Papal

Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti entered the papacy in 1846, amid the widespread expectation that he would become champion of reform and modernization in the papal state, which he decided directly, and throughout the Catholic Church. Admirers want him to lead the battle for Italian independence. His turn toward deep conservatism shocked and alarmed his original supporters, while surprising and pleasing the conservative old guard.

Selection

The 1846 Conclave, after the death of Pope Gregory XVI (1831-46), occurred in an unresolved political climate in Italy. The conclave is immersed in the division of the faction between the right and the left. The conservatives on the right liked the hard-line and papal absolutism of the previous papacy, while the liberals favored moderate reforms. The conservatives support Luigi Lambruschini, the last Pope's Cardinal Secretary. The liberals supported two candidates: Pasquale Tommaso Gizzi and Mastai-Ferretti, who were 54 years old at the time. The fourth person of papabile was Cardinal Ludovico Talk, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, favored by the Romans themselves, but had never had any support among the cardinals.

During the first vote, Mastai-Ferretti received 15 votes, the rest for Lambruschini and Gizzi. Lambruschini received a majority of the votes on the original ballot, but failed to reach the required two-thirds majority. Gizzi was favored by the French government but failed to gain further support from the cardinals, and the conclave eventually ended up as a contest between Lambruschini and Mastai-Ferretti. Meanwhile, Cardinal Tommaso Bernetti reportedly received information that Karl Kajetan von Gaisruck, the Austrian Archbishop of Milan, was on his way to the conclave to veto the Mastai-Ferretti election. The Austrian imperial government represented by Prince Metternich in his foreign affairs objected even to the possible election of Mastai-Ferretti. According to the historian ValÃÆ'¨rie Pirie, Bernetti realized that if Lambruschini had to be stopped and Mastai-Ferretti had to be elected, he would have to convince the cardinals within hours or accept Lambruschini's election. Abiding then on his own initiative personally convinced the majority of the electorate to divert their support to Mastai-Ferretti. But Mastai-Ferretti himself did not try to campaign for the papacy, make no promises, and maintain indifference during the process.

Faced with a deadlock and persuaded by Bernetti to keep Lambruschini from being elected pope, liberals and moderates decided to cast their vote for the Mastai-Ferretti in a move contrary to the general atmosphere throughout Europe. On the second day of the Conclave, on June 16, 1846, during the night vote, Mastai-Ferretti was elected pope. "He is a glamorous, passionate, emotional candidate with gifts for friendship and a track record of generosity even against anti-Clericals and Carbonari.He is a patriot, known critically against Gregory XVI." Because it was late, no official announcement was given, just a white smoke signal. Many Catholics assume that Gizzi was elected pope. In fact, the celebrations began in his hometown, and his personal staff, following the old tradition, burned his cardinal's cloak.

The following morning, the senior Cardinal-Deacon, Tommaso Riario Sforza, announced the Mastai-Ferretti election in front of a loyal crowd of Catholics. When Mastai-Ferretti appeared on the balcony, the atmosphere became excited. Mastai-Ferretti chose the name Pius IX in honor of Pope Pius VII (1800-23), who had pushed his vocation to the priesthood despite his childhood epilepsy. However, Mastai-Ferretti, now Pope Pius IX, has little diplomatic experience and no curial experience at all, a fact that has indeed caused controversy. Pius IX was crowned on June 21, 1846.

The liberal Pius IX election creates much enthusiasm in Europe and elsewhere.

For twenty months after the election, Pius IX was the most popular man on the Italian peninsula, where the cry of "Long live for Pius IX!" often heard.

British Protestants celebrate it as a "light companion" and a European reformer to freedom and progress. He was elected without outside political influence and in the best years of his life. He is pious, progressive, intellectual, polite, friendly, and open to everyone.

Organize church

Centralize

The end of the Papal State in the middle of "Italian shoes" around central Rome is not the only important event in Pius's long papacy. His leadership in the church contributed to the growing centralization and consolidation of power in Rome and the papacy. While his political views and policies are hotly debated, his personal lifestyle is above all criticism; he is regarded as a model of simplicity and poverty in his daily affairs. More than his predecessor, Pius used the papal rostrum to speak to the bishops of the world. The First Vatican Council (1869-1870), which it organized to consolidate further papal authority, was regarded as a milestone not only in the history of the papacy but also in ecclesiastical history through the definition of the dogma of papal infallibility.

Ecclesiastical rights

The Pius IX ecclesiastical policy is dominated by the defense of church rights and free religious exercise for Catholics in countries such as Russia and the Ottoman Empire. He also fought against what he regarded as an anti-Catholic philosophy in countries such as Italy, Germany and France. Many whales want to be Italian. The soldiers guarding the Pope from the Italians (between 1849 and 1870) were mostly French and Austrian. The Pope is considered to have moved to Germany (see below).

After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, the Papal States lost their patronage in Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire and absorbed by the Italian Empire. The German Empire was actively persecuting the church under Kaiser for a decade after the war.

Jubilees

Pius IX celebrates several jubilees including the 300th anniversary of the Council of Trent. Pius celebrated the 1,800th anniversary of the martyrdom of Apostle Peter and the Apostle Paul on 29 June 1867 with 512 bishops, 20,000 priests and 140,000 laypeople in Rome. A great meeting was held in 1871 to commemorate his 25th anniversary of the papacy. The Italian government in 1870 banned many popular pilgrimages. Believers Bologna held a national "spiritual pilgrimage" to the pope and the apostles' tombs in 1873. In 1875, Pius declared a Holy Year celebrated throughout the Catholic world. On the 50th anniversary of the consecration of his bishop, people from all parts of the world came to see the old Pope from April 30, 1877 to June 15, 1877. He was a little shy, but he appreciated the initiative in the church and created new titles, awards, and commands to increase those who in his view deserve a reward.

Consistories

Pius IX created a total of 122 new cardinals - the later limit on the number of College of Cardinals was 70Ã, - of which 64 were still alive at the time of his death. Significant improvements to the "red hat" include Vincenzo Pecci, the eventual successor of Leo XIII; Nicholas Wiseman from Westminster; Henry Edward Manning; and John McCloskey, the first American to be appointed to the College of Cardinals.

Canonization and beatification

Pope Pius IX canonized a total of 52 saints during his pontificate. He canonized leading saints such as the Japanese Martyrs (June 8, 1862), Josaphat Kuntsevych (June 29, 1867), and Nicholas Pieck (June 29, 1867). Pius IX further ratify 222 individuals throughout his pontificate, including the likes of Benedict Joseph Labre, Peter Claver, and two predecessors of Pope Eugene III and Pope Urban V.

Doctor Church

Pius IX named three new Doctors of the Church: Hilary of Poitiers (1851), Alphonsus Liguori (1871), and Francis de Sales (July 19, 1877).

The Sovereignty of the Papal States

Pius IX was not just the pope, but until 1870, was also the ruler of the Papal State. As a secular ruler, he is sometimes referred to as "king". However, whether this ever became a title received by the Holy See is unclear. One of the most persistent contemporary critics of his dogma of infallibility, Ignaz von DÃÆ'¶llinger (1799-1890), considers the papal political regime in the Pontifical States "a wise, good-natured, welcoming, thrifty and open-minded man for innovation ". But there is controversy. In the period before the revolution of 1848, Pius was the most energetic reformer advocated by innovative thinkers such as Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797-1855), who was able to reconcile new "free" thinking about human rights with the tradition of natural law. church teaching in political affairs and economic order (the teachings of social justice). After the revolution, however, political reform and the improvement of its constitution were considered minimalist, largely fixed within the 1850 legal framework mentioned above.

Reform in the Papal States

In the early years of Pius IX as pope, the governments of the Papal States increased agricultural technology and productivity through the education of farmers in newly created scientific agricultural institutions. This abolished the requirement for the Jews to attend Christian service and preaching and open the papal charity to the needy among them. The new pope freed all political prisoners by granting amnesty to the revolutionaries, which frightened conservative monarchies in the Austrian Empire and elsewhere. "He is celebrated in New York City, London and Berlin as a ruling model."

Government structure

In 1848, Pius IX released a new constitution entitled "The Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the Church Countries". The structure of the papal States government reflects the dual-spiritual-secular character of the papacy. The secular or the laity are very strong in the majority with 6,850 people compared to 300 members of the clergy. However, pastors make important decisions and every job applicant should present a character evaluation of his parish priest for consideration.

Financial

Financial administration in the Papal States under Pius IX is increasingly put in the hands of the layman. Budget and financial administration in the United States has long been criticized even before Pius IX. In 1850, he created a government financial institution ("congregation") consisting of four laymen with a financial background for 20 provinces.

Trade and commerce

Pius IX is credited with a systematic effort to improve manufacturing and trade by providing profits and papal gifts to domestic producers of wool, silk and other materials destined for export. He improved the transportation system by building roads, viads, bridges and harbors. A series of new rail links connect the Pontifical State to northern Italy. It soon became apparent that northern Italians were more adept at economically exploiting modern means of communication than those in central and southern Italy.

Justice

The Papal State justice system is subject to many allegations, unlike the judicial system throughout Italy. There is a lack of legal and standard books and allegations about the partisanship of judges in general. Across Italy but also in the Papal States, criminal-type criminals threaten commerce and travelers in some areas, engaging in robbery and murder at will.

One hundred and thirty-three people were executed during the reign of Pius IX in the Papal States.

Military

The papal army in 1859 had 15,000 troops. A different military body is a specially trained and specially trained Swiss Guard, serving as the Pope's personal bodyguard.

University

The two Pontifical universities in Rome and Bologna suffered much from revolutionary activity in 1848 but their standards in science, mathematics, philosophy and theology were considered adequate. Pius acknowledged that much had to be done and established a reform commission in 1851.

During his tenure, Catholics and Protestants collaborated to establish schools in Rome to study international law and train international mediators who are committed to resolving conflicts.

There is one newspaper, Giornale di Roma , and one magazine, Civilta Cattolica , run by the Jesuits.

Art

Like most of its predecessors, Pius IX is a patron of art. He supports art, architecture, painting, sculpture, music, goldsmiths, copperworkers, and more, and shares many awards with his representatives. Most of his efforts were oriented towards churches in Rome and in the Papal States, many of which were renovated and improved.

He orders the reinforcement of the Colosseum, which is threatened to collapse. Massive amounts were spent in the discovery of the Christian catacombs, where Pius created a new archeological commission in 1853.

Protestant and Jew

The Papal States are a theocracy in which Catholic and Catholic Churches have more rights than members of other religions. Pius IX's policy became increasingly reactive at all times: At the beginning of his papacy, along with other liberal acts, Pius opened the Jewish ghetto in Rome. After being returned by French troops from exile in 1850, during which the Roman Republic issued sharp anti-church measures, the Pope issued a series of anti-liberal acts, including re-institutionalizing the ghetto.

In 1858, in a publicized case, police from the Papal State arrested a six-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mortara, from his parents. A Christian waitress unrelated to the family, afraid she would die, had been reported unofficially baptized her six years earlier when she was sick. The papal state law forbids Christians from being raised by Jews, even their own parents, and regards infant baptism informally as a legitimate conversion of religion. The incident sparked widespread resentment among the liberal and non-Catholic Catholics, and contributed to the growing anti-pope sentiment in Europe. The boy was raised in a papal household, and was eventually ordained a priest at the age of 21.

Policy against other countries

Pius IX is the last pope who is also the secular ruler of the Pontifical State, who ruled about 3 million people. In 1870, the Papal States was captured by force of arms by the newly established Kingdom of Italy. This issue is solved only in international law by the Lateran Treaty (also known as Lateran Pacts or Lateran Accords), agreed in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. , the latter receiving financial compensation for the loss of the Papal State, in lieu of which Italy recognizes the Vatican City State as an independent territorial state which is the expression of a sovereign entity in international law known as the Holy See. The latter, as before, maintains diplomatic relations with many other countries.

Italy

Recognizing the political pressure within the Papal States, Pius IX's first act of general amnesty for political prisoners did not consider the potential implications and consequences. The freed revolutionaries merely resumed previous activities and his concessions only provoked greater demands when patriotic Italian groups sought not only a constitutional government - which he sympathized - but also the Italian Unification under his leadership and the liberation war against Catholics Austria, which claims the northern Italian province as his own.

In early 1848, all of Western Europe began to jolt in various revolutionary movements. The pope, who claims to be above national interest, refused to fight with Austria, which totally reverses the view that is now popular in Italy. In a calculated, well-prepared manner, Rossi was assassinated on November 15, 1848, and in the following days, the Swiss Guard was stripped, making the Pope a prisoner in his palace.

A Roman Republic was announced in February 1849. Pius replied from his exile by ostracizing all the participants.

He visited hospitals to entertain the wounded and sick but he seemed to have lost both some of his liberal tastes and beliefs to the Romans, who had turned against him in 1848. Pius decided to move his residence from the Quirinal Palace in Rome to the Vatican, where popes have lived since. He reformed the government structure of the Papal States on September 10, 1850 and his finances on October 28 of the same year.

End of Papal States

After defeating the whaling army on 18 September 1860 at the Battle of Castelfidardo, and on September 30 in Ancona, Victor Emmanuel took all papal areas except Latium with Rome. In 1866 he gave Pius IX the Guarantee Law (May 13, 1871) pope the use of the Vatican but denied its sovereignty over the territory, but gave him the right to send and receive ambassadors and a budget of 3.25 million lira each year. Pius IX officially refused this offer (encyclical Ubi nos, May 15, 1871).

Mexico

With the founding of French Emperor Napoleon III of the Second Mexican Empire and Maximilian I of Mexico as ruler in 1864, the church sought some relief from a friendly government after the anti-clerical action of Benito JuÃÆ'¡rez. JuÃÆ'¡rez recently suspended payments on foreign debt and confiscated his church property.

Pius has blessed Maximilian and his wife, Charlotte from Belgium before they left for Mexico to begin their reign. But the friction between the Vatican and Mexico will continue with the new Emperor when Maximilian insists on religious freedom, which Pius opposes. Relations with the Vatican will only continue when Maximilian sends the newly converted American Catholic priest Father Fischer to Rome as his messenger.

Contrary to Fischer's report back to Maximilian, the negotiations did not go well and the Vatican would not budge. Maximilian sent his wife, Charlotte, to Europe to defend the French withdrawal. After a failed attempt at negotiating with Napoleon III, Charlotte then traveled to Rome to appeal to Pius in 1866. As the days passed, Charlotte's mental state became blatantly paranoid. He sought refuge with the pope, and he would eat and drink only what was prepared for him, fearing that everything else might be poisoned. The Pope, though worried, accommodated him and even agreed to let him stay at the Vatican one night after he voiced anxiety about his safety. He and his assistant were the first women to spend the night in the Vatican.

United Kingdom

England for centuries was considered a missionary territory for the Catholic Church. In the rise of Catholic emancipation in England (which later included the whole of Ireland), Pius IX changed it with the bull of Universalis Ecclesiae (September 29, 1850). He reestablished the Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales, under Archbishop and Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman newly appointed 12 additional episcopal seats: Southwark, Hexham, Beverley, Liverpool, Salford, Shrewsbury, Newport, Clifton, Plymouth, Nottingham, Birmingham, and Northampton. Some violent street protests against the "papal aggression" resulted in the 1851 ETC Act legalized by Parliament, which with imprisonment and fines prohibited any Catholic bishop from using an episcopal title "from any city, town or place, or from any territory or district (under any designation or description), in the United Kingdom ". The law was never enacted and annulled twenty years later. In 1847 he spoke to the Irish people in the middle of the Famine by writing Praedecessores nostros.

Dutch

The Dutch government instituted religious freedom for Catholics in 1848. In 1853, Pius founded the Archdiocese of Utrecht and four dioceses in Haarlem, Den Bosch, Breda, and Roermond underneath. As in Britain, this resulted in a burst of popular anti-Catholic sentiment that soon subsided.

Spanish

Spain - traditionally Catholic - offered a challenge to Pius IX because the anti-clerical government came to power in 1832, resulting in the expulsion of religious orders, the closure of the convent, the closure of Catholic schools and libraries, the seizure and sale of churches and the religious nature and the inability of the church to fill the empty diocese. In 1851, Pius IX concluded a concordat with Queen Isabella II, which stipulated that unsold ecclesiastical possessions should be returned, while the church abandoned property that its owner had passed. This Flexibility of Pius led Spain to guarantee the freedom of the church in religious education.

United States

Pope Pius IX approved the unanimous request of American bishops that the Immaculate Conception was called as the Protector of the United States on February 7, 1847.

Beginning in October 1862, the pope began to send public letters to Catholic bishops from the United States calling for an end to the "devastating Civil War". The Vatican has never admitted to the Confederacy or sent diplomats there. But in 1863, the pope met personally with the Confederate delegates and stressed the need for emancipation. A letter written by Pius IX to Jefferson Davis in December 1863, referring to him as the "Praesidi foederatorum Americae regionum" (President of the American federation of the region), was not seen by Confederate officials in recognition of the Confederation of States. Secretary of State Confederation Judah P. Benjamin interpreted it as a "meaningless admission, not related to political action or the establishment of diplomatic relations on a regular basis" and thus not assigning it formal recognition.

Pius IX appointed Archbishop John McCloskey of New York as the first American to the College of Cardinals on March 15, 1875.

Canada

Pius IX increased the number of Canadian dioceses from 4 to 21 by 1,340 churches and 1,620 priests in 1874.

Crowd

Pius IX signed agreements with Spain, Austria, Tuscany, Portugal, Haiti, Honduras, Ecuador, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Russia.

Austria

The Revolution of 1848 had mixed results for the Catholic Church in Austria-Hungary. It freed the church from the heavy hand of the state in its internal affairs, which was greeted by Pius IX. Similar to other countries, Austria-Hungary has a significant anti-Catholic political movement, especially liberal, which forced the emperor Franz-Joseph I in 1870, to annul the 1855 concordat with the Vatican. Austria already in 1866 canceled some of its parts on the freedom of Catholic schools and the ban on civil marriages. After the diplomatic approach failed, Pius replied with encyclical on March 7, 1874, demanding freedom of religion and freedom of education. Despite this development, nothing is equivalent to the German Kulturkampf in Austria, and Pius created new dioceses throughout Austria-Hungary.

German Empire

Russian

The Pontificate of Pius IX began in 1847 with "Accomodamento", a generous covenant, which enabled Pius to fill the blank episcopal views of the Latin rite in Russia (especially the Baltic states) and the Polish provinces of Russia. Short-lived freedoms are undermined by the Orthodox Church, Polish political aspirations in the occupied territories and the Russian imperial tendency to act against any dissent. Pius first tried to position himself in the middle, an opposition who strongly opposed revolutionaries and vehemently against the Russian authorities and asked them for more ecclesiastical freedom. After the failure of the Polish uprising in 1863, Pius sided with the persecuted Poles, protesting their persecution, angering the Tsarist government to the point that all Catholic dioceses were eliminated in 1870. Pius criticized the Tsar - without naming it - for the expatriate community. to Siberia, the exiled priests, condemned them to forced labor camps and abolished Catholic dioceses. He pointed to the villages of Siberia Tounka and Irkout, where in 1868, 150 Catholic priests were waiting for death.

Packages to leave Rome

Several times during his pontificate, Pius IX considered leaving Rome. One incident occurred in 1862, when Giuseppe Garibaldi was in Sicily collecting volunteers for a campaign to take Rome under the slogan Morte (Rome or Death). On July 26, 1862, before Garibaldi and his volunteers were stopped at Aspromonte:

Pius IX recounted his fears to Lord Odo Russell, the British Minister in Rome, and asked him if he would be granted political asylum in Britain after Italian troops marched in. Odo Russell assures him that he will be granted asylum if necessary, but says that he believes the Pope's fear is unfounded.

Two other examples occurred after the Rome Contest and the postponement of the First Vatican Council. Otto von Bismarck told Moritz Busch:

In fact, he [Pius IX] has asked if we can give him asylum. I do not mind - Cologne or Fulda. It would be strange, but it is not so inexplicable anyway, and it would be very useful for us to be recognized by what kind of Catholics we really are, that is, the present single forces that are able to protect their Church head.... But the King [Wilhelm I] will not agree. He was very scared. He thought all Prussia would be diverted and he himself would be required to become a Catholic. But I told him that if the Pope requested asylum, he could not refuse it. He must grant it as the ruler of ten million Catholics who want to see their Church head protected.

Rumors have been circulating on various occasions that the Pope wants to leave Rome. According to the latest of this Council, which was postponed in the summer, will reopen elsewhere, some mention Malta and others Trient.... Undoubtedly, the main purpose of this meeting was to obtain from fathers who gathered a strong declaration that supported the need for Temporal Strength. Obviously the secondary object of this bishops' Parliament, which is attacked far from Rome, will show Europe that the Vatican does not enjoy the necessary freedoms, even though the Guarantee Act proves that the Italian Government, in its desire for reconciliation and its readiness. to fulfill the wishes of the Curia, has actually done everything that lies in its power.

Theology

Pius insisted on his role as the highest teaching authority in the church. He promoted the foundations of the Catholic University in Belgium and France and supported the Catholic association with the intellectual aim of explaining faith to non-believers and non-Catholics. The Ambrosian Circle in Italy, the Catholic Workers Union in France and the Pius Verein and the Deutsche Katholische Gesellschaft in Germany all try to bring faith Catholic in its fullness to people outside the church.

Mariology

The doctrines of Mary are very prominent in 19th century theology, especially the problem of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. During his pontiff, the petition increased requiring the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception. In 1848 Pius appointed a theological commission to analyze the possibilities for Mary's dogma. On December 8, 1854 he announced the apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus is an Apostolic constitution which defines the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Encyclopedia

Pius produced 38 encyclical notes. They include:

• Qui pluribus (1846) deals with faith and religion
• Praedecessores nostros (1847) with help for Ireland
• Ubi primum 1848 with The Immaculate Conception
• Nostis et nobiscum 1849 with the church in the Pontifical State
• Neminem vestrum 1854 with bloody persecution of Armenians
• Cum nuper 1858 with attention to scholars
• Amantissimus 1862 with the attention of the churches
• Meridionali Americae 1865 with Seminary for Native Priests
• Omnem sollicitudinem 1874 on the Greek-Ruthenian Rite
• Quod nunquam 1875 church in Prussia

On 7 February 1862 he issued the papal constitution of Ad Universalis Ecclesiae, dealing with the conditions for entry into the religious order of the man in which the promises were devoutly prescribed. Unlike the pope in the 20th century, Pius IX did not use encyclicals to explain faith, but to condemn what he considered wrong. Pius IX was the first whale to popularize encyclicals on a large scale to grow their gaze.

First Vatican Council

Pius firmly acted upon the disapproval of centuries between the Dominicans and Franciscans of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, deciding to support the Franciscan view. However, this decision, which he defined as perfect dogma, raises the question: Can the pope make such a decision without the bishops? This foresaw a topic of the First Vatican Council, which he subsequently held in 1869. The pope indeed consulted earlier bishops with his ilium ivium (see below), but insisted that the matter should be clarified. The council deals with papal infallibility, enhancing the papacy and reducing the role of bishops. The role of the bishops should be dealt with on the council, but dissolved because of an imminent attack by Italy against the Papal States. Thus, the great achievement of Pius IX is Mariology and the First Vatican Council.

Influence

Pius IX approved 74 new religious congregations for women only. In France, Pius IX created more than 200 new dioceses and created new hierarchies in several countries.

Recent years and death

Pius IX lived long enough to witness the death of his old enemy, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, in January 1878. Once he learned about the seriousness of the king's situation, he freed him from all excommunications and other ecclesiastical punishments.. Pius IX died one month later on 7 February 1878 at 5:40 pm, epilepsy, causing seizures and sudden cardiac arrest, while reciting the rosary with his staff.

Since 1868, the pope was first disturbed by a face and then with an open wound on his leg. Nevertheless, he insisted on celebrating the daily Mass. Incredible heat in the summer of 1877 exacerbated injuries from its effects. He underwent some painful medical procedures, which he did with immense patience. He spent most of his final weeks in his library, where he received a cardinal and held a papal audience. On December 8th, the Immaculate Conception Party, the situation rose sharply until he could walk again. In February, he can speak the Mass again in a stand-alone manner, enjoying the popular celebration of his 75th birthday of his first alliance. Bronchitis, falling to the floor, and rising temperatures exacerbated the situation after February 4, 1878. He kept joking about himself: when the Vicar of Rome ordered bell and non-stop prayers for his healing, the pope asked, "Why do you want to stop I go to heaven? "He told his doctor that the time had come. Pope Pius IX died on February 7, 1878, 85 years old, completing the longest papacy in papal history, after which St. Peter, whose tradition has reigned for 37 years. His last words were, "The caretaker of the church I love so well and sacred," as noted by the cardinals who knelt beside their beds. His body was originally buried in the cave of St. Peter, but moved in the evening procession on July 13, 1881 to the Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Wall. As the procession approached the Tiber River, a group of anti-terrorist Romais shouted, "Live Italy! Pope's death! Death to Priests!" threatened to throw the coffin into the river but the militia contingent arrived to prevent this. The simple grave of Pius IX was changed by his successor, John Paul II, after the beatification.

Beatification

The process of beatification, which in the early stages was strongly opposed by the Italian government, began on 11 February 1907, and resumed three times. The Italian government since 1878 strongly opposed the beatification of Pius IX. Without the Italian opposition, Pope John Paul II declared him honorable on July 6, 1985, and beatified him on September 3, 2000 (the warning is February 7).

The beatification of Pius IX is controversial and criticized by some Jews and Christians for what is perceived as authoritarian and reactionary politics; allegations of abuse of episcopal authority; and anti-Semitism (most specifically the case of Edgardo Mortara, but also the reinstatement of his Roman ghetto).

Legacy

Pius IX celebrated his silver anniversary in 1871, continuing to have the longest reign of post-apostolic papacy, 31 years, 7 months and 23 days. When its temporal sovereignty is lost, the church gathers around it, and the papacy becomes more centralized, where the personal lifestyle of simplicity and poverty is considered to have contributed. From this point, the papacy becomes and continues to be more spiritual, and less temporal authority. Pieter Pius IX marks the beginning of the modern papacy.

Having started as a liberal, Pius IX changed conservatively after being expelled from Rome. After that, he was considered politically conservative, but a reformer and innovator of a restless and radical life and church structure. Church life, religious vocations, new foundations, and religious enthusiasm all flourished at the end of his papacy. Politically, his papacy ended with papal isolation from most of the world's major powers: "Vatican prisoners" have a bad relationship with Russia, Germany, the United States and France, and open hostility with Italy. Yet he is most popular with the faithful in all these countries, in many associations of Pope Pius formed in his support. He made a lasting ecclesiastical history with the perfect 1854 decision of the Immaculate Conception, which is the basis for the later dogma of the Assumption. His other eternal contribution is the calling of the ecumenical council of the Vatican, which announces the definition of papal infallibility. With his advice he helped Saint John Bosco find the Salesian Society, which he therefore also called "Don Bosco's Pope".

The Prophecy of the Popes, attributed to Saint Malachy, is a list of 112 short phrases in Latin. They claim to describe each pope. It describes Pius IX as Crux de Cruce, Cross cross.

• Within two nights after 1846 mercy liberated all political prisoners, thousands of Romans with torches wandered into the Quirinal Palace, where Pius IX lived, celebrating the pope with Evvivas, speeches and music throughout the night. The Pope went several times to the balcony to give his blessing. On the third day, as his horse-drawn carriage left the Palace to move to the Vatican, the Romans unleashed the horses and withdrew their own papal carts.
• On November 16, 1848, the revolutionary crowd moved to the Quirinal and Parliament to convey to the Pope their demands, especially the war against Austria. The pope reportedly replied, his dignity as head of state and church does not allow him to fulfill the terms of the rebels. After this, the Quirinal was covered by gunfire, which caused some deaths. Afterwards, in order to save lives, the Pope agreed with the proposed ministerial list, although he stated that he would abstain from cooperation with them.
• After the French troops, who had previously protected the Pontifical State, left Rome, an Italian army of 60,000 approached the city, which was defended by only 10,000 whales. The Pope instructed his countless soldiers to give only resistance and enter a truce after the first defeat because the Vicar of Christ did not shed blood. When the old Porta Pia was bombarded, opening a huge hole for the invaders, the Pope asked for a white flag to be displayed. It was his last act as King of the Papal State. The last Pope shot at Porta Pia was fired by an Austrian alumnus from Stella Matutina.
• Pius IX is reviled with reference to the Italian version of his name ( Pio Nono ), such as Pio No No .
His occasional mood swings and his emotional outburst have been interpreted as epilepsy symptoms.
• One lasting perennial touch lies in Pius IX's artistic heritage as an Italian lyrical artist of the most famous Italian native Christmas, "Tu scendi dalle stelle" (originally from a starred sky), originally a Neapolitan song written by Saint Alphonsus Liguori.
• During his stay in the Kingdom of Two Sicily, on September 8, 1849, Pope Pius IX had the experience of a train journey from Portici to Pagani, so he became enthusiastic about this modern discovery. When he returned to his seat in Rome, he promoted the growth of the rail network, beginning in 1856 with Rome and Frascati Rail Road. In 1870, the length of the railway line built in the United States was 317 kilometers (197 mi). He also introduced gas and telegraph lighting to the Pontifical State.
• To commemorate his term as pope, a street in Montreal is called Pie-IX (Pie-Neuf), French for Pius IX. There is also a stop Metro Montreal system named Pie-IX that serves the street, located at the foot of the Olympic Stadium. In addition, the streets of Santiago, Chile, and Macon, Georgia, are called PÃÆ'o Nono, Italian for Pius IX and the middle school of the same name (Pio IX) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Various sweets in Spanish-speaking countries are also called piononos.

Photos Pope Pius IX

The art of photography developed during the papacy of Pius IX, and he was the first pope to be photographed, especially in his final years.

Some of Pius IX's contemporaries such as Cardinal Giuseppe Pecci considered photography to be inferior to painting and refusing to be photographed. Pius, however, is open to a new art form.

See also

• Kwang-si Apostolic Prefecture
• Whale list

Note

References

Foot Records

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

• Pope Pius IX (His Writing Encyclopedia)
• Biography with images (in German)
• Pope Pius IX: text with concordance and frequency list
• Catholic-Hierarchy entry
• The Last Days of the Roman Pontiff by Raffaele De Cesare (1909) London, Archibald Constable & amp; Co.
• Derek Michaud. "Pius IX (1792-1878)". Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology .

Source of the article : Wikipedia