An tithe ( ; of Old English: teogoÃÆ'¾a "tenth") is a tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to an organization's religious or tax obligatory to the government. Today, tithes are usually voluntary and are paid in cash, checks, or stocks, whereas tithes are historically required and paid in goods, such as agricultural products. Some European countries run a formal process related to the tax system that allows some churches to assess the tithe.
Traditional Jewish laws and practices have included various forms of decimation since ancient times. Orthodox Jews usually practice the ma'aser of the affirmation (giving 10% of their income to charity). In modern Israel, Jews continue to follow the law of agricultural tithing, for example, ma'aser rishon , ma'aser ma'aser , and ma'aser sheni me.
In relation to Christianity, Jesus Christ taught the Jews that "tithing must be done together with a deep concern for justice, mercy and faithfulness (Matthew 23:23)". The tithe was taught at the early Christian ecumenical councils, including the Council of Tour in 567, and the Synod of Márece in 585, and remains an important doctrine in many Christian denominations, such as the Congregationalist Church and Methodist Church.
Video Tithe
Kuno Timur Dekat
None of the extrabiblical laws existing in the Ancient Near East deal with tithing, although other secondary documents indicate that it is a widespread practice in the Ancient Near East. William W. Hallo (1996) recognizes comparisons to Israel with the ancient Near Eastern environment, however, regarding tithing, comparison with other ancient Near Eastern evidences is ambiguous, and Ancient Near Eastern literature provides less evidence for the practice of tithing and the collection of tithing.
The esretu - "e? ret?" tax of one-ten Ugarit and Babylonia
Below are some specific examples of Mesopotamian decimals, taken from Assyrian Dictionary of the Chicago Institute of Oriental University , Vol. 4 "E" p. 369:
Maps Tithe
Hebrew Bible
Hebrew is a Semitic language, associated with the Akkadian language, the lingua franca language at that time.
Ancestor
In Genesis 14: 18-20 , Abraham, after saving Lot, met with Melchizedek. After Melchizedek's blessing, Abraham gave him a tenth of everything he had gained from the battle:
"Then Melchizedek, king of Salem, brought out bread and wine, and he was the high priest of the God of heaven, and blessed Abram, saying," Blessed be Abram by the Most High God, Creator of heaven and earth. And praise God to the Most High, who sends your enemy into your hands. "Then Abram gave him a tenth of everything."
In Genesis 28: 12-22 , Jacob, after his visionary vision of Jacob's Lad and receiving a blessing from God, promised a tenth of God:
"Then Jacob awoke from his sleep and said," Surely the Lord is in this place, and I do not know it. "And he was scared and said," How awesome this place is! This is none other than God's house, and this is the gate of heaven. "So early in the morning Jacob took the stone which he had put under his head, and put it on a pillar, and poured oil on it, and called the name of the place Bethel, but the name of the city was Luz in the first, and Jacob swore, saying, "If God will accompany me and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat and garments to wear, so that I will come again to my father's house in peace, then God will be my God, and stone this, which I have set for a pillar, will be the house of God. And from all that you give me, I'll give you a full one tenth of it. "
Mosaic Law
Tithing is specifically mentioned in the Book of Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. The tithe system is organized in a three-year cycle, according to the Shemittah cycle. This tithing is in reality more like a tax for the Israelites and obligatory, not an optional grant. The tithe is distributed locally "within your gates" (Deuteronomy 14:28) to support the Levites and to help the poor.
Every year, Bikkurim , Rest House , Ma'aser Rishon and Terror Ma'aser wine and oil (Deuteronomy 14:22). (In connection with other fruits and other produce, the Bible's requirements for decimals are the source of the debate.) The first decimal is to give one-tenth of agricultural produce (upon standardization of the home) (or priest Aaron). Historically, during the First Temple period, the first decimal was given to the Levites. About the beginning of the construction of the Second Temple, Ezra and his din at Beth performed his gift to the priest.
Unlike other offers that are restricted to consumption in tabernacles, the second tithe can be consumed anywhere. In the first year, two, four and five cycles of Shemittah, the Lord commanded the Children of Israel to take the second tithe to be brought to the place of the Temple (Deuteronomy 14:23). The owner of the crop is to separate and bring 1/10 of the final product to the Old City of Jerusalem after separating home and the first tithe, but if the family lives too far from Jerusalem, the tithe can be exchanged for coins (Deuteronomy 14: 24-25). Then, the Bible requires the owner of a redeemed coin to spend a tithe "to buy whatever you like: cattle, sheep, wine or other fermented drink, or whatever you want" (Deuteronomy 14:26). Implicit in the order is the obligation to spend coins on goods intended for human consumption.
In the third and sixth year of Shemittah-the memorials of the Israelites set aside (second) tithes instead of the poor tithe , and were given to strangers, orphans, and widows.
The Levites, also known as the Levites, are descendants of Levi. They were the assistants of Aaron's priest (who were Aaron's sons and, therefore, part of the tribe of Levi) and did not possess or inherit the heritage of the territory (Numbers 18: 21-28). Their function in society is the functional function of the functionaries, teachers and civil servants who oversee the weight and scale and witness the agreement. The items donated from other Israeli tribes are their food source. They receive from "all Israel" a tithing of food or livestock for support, and in turn will set aside a tenth of the tithe (known as
Hamaaser ) for Aaronic priests.
The additional decrees mentioned in Leviticus (27: 32-33) are tithe of cattle, which must be sacrificed as sacrifices in the Temple in Jerusalem.
United Kingdom of Israel
The LMLK seal may represent the oldest archaeological evidence of tithing. About 10 percent of the storage urn produced during the reign of Hezekiah (circa 700 BC) was branded (Grena, 2004, pp. 376-78). See 2 Chronicles 29-31 for the record of this early worship reform.
Nehemiah also speaks of the collection of tithes to the Leviim and the distribution of the House to the priests: Nehemiah 13: 5. The people are truly appointed to collect the obligatory tithe and place them in a specially designated room which eventually came to be known as a shed: Nehemiah 12: 44.
Little Prophet
The Book of Malachi has one of the most quoted passages of Scripture, addressed to the sons of Jacob:
To me, Jehovah, does not change; therefore you, sons of Jacob, are not consumed. Since the days of your ancestors you have turned away from my mining ordinances, and have not kept them. Come back to me, and I will return to you, Jehovah says of the host. But you say, Where will we come back? "Will people rob God, but you rob me, but you say, 'How do we rob you?' In your tithes and contributions, you are cursed with a curse, because you rob me, your whole nation.Bring a full tithe into the warehouse, that there may be food in my house and thus put me in the test, says the Lord of hosts, if I will not open the windows of heaven for you and pour for you blessing until there is no longer any need I will rebuke the rogue for you, so will not destroy the fruit of your land, and your vine in the field will not fail to survive, says the Lord of the universe Then all the nations will call you blessed, for you will be a pleasant country, said the Hosts. "
Deuterocanonical
Tobit deuterokanonika gives an example of the three decimal places practiced during the captivity of Babel:
"I often go to Jerusalem myself on religious festivals, as the Law requires for every Israelite all the time, I will soon go to Jerusalem and bring the early harvest of my crop, one tenth of my sheep, and the first cut of wool from my sheep I will present these things on the altar to the priests, the descendants of Aaron, and I will give the first tenth of the grain, the wine, the olive oil, the pomegranates, the figs, and the other fruit to the Levites who minister in Jerusalem , for six of seven years, I also carry cash equivalent to the second tenth of this harvest to Jerusalem where I will spend it every year I give this to orphans and widows, and to Gentiles who have joined Israel. the third year, when I bring it and give it to them, we will eat together according to the instructions recorded in the Mosaic Law, such as which my grandmother taught to Deborah... "
Judaism
Orthodox Jews keep abiding by the laws of Tera and Ma'aser as well as the habit of tithing 10% of a person's income for charity ( ma'aser of the affiliation ). Because of the doubts about the status of those claiming to be Kohanim or Levi'im which arose after the severe Roman/Christian persecution and separation, Hebrew Bible 10% for Levites, and "tithe tithe" (Numbers 18:26) 10% out of 10 % (1%) for priests handled in accordance with Jewish Law. The Mishnah and the Talmud contain an analysis of the first decimal, the second and the tenth decimals.
Animals are not tithing in the present era when the Temple does not stand.
Christianity
Jesus Christ taught that "tithing must be done together with a deep concern for justice, mercy and faithfulness (Matthew 23:23)". Many ancient and historic Christian churches, such as the Catholic Church and the Methodist Church, practice the tithe, as taught by the Tour Council in 567 AD, and at the Council of Macon in 585 AD, the punishment for excommunication is prescribed for those who do not obey this ecclesiastical law. Tithing can be given to the Church at once (as is customary in many Christian countries with Church tax), or distributed throughout the year; during parts of the Western Christian liturgy known as offerings, people often place a portion of their tithe (sometimes along with additional offerings) on the collection plate.
2 Corinthians 9: 7 speaks of giving with joy, 2 Corinthians 8:12 encourages to give what you can, 1 Corinthians 16: 1-2 Discussing the weekly giving (although this is the amount saved for Jerusalem), 1 Timothy 5: 17-18 urges support for the financial needs of Christian workers, Acts 11:29 promotes feeding hungry wherever they are and James 1:27 states that pure religion is to help widows and orphans.
denominational position
Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church teaches in the Fundamental Belief that "We recognize God's ownership with service that is faithful to Him and to fellow human beings, and by returning tithes and making offerings for the proclamation of His gospel and the support of His Church."
Anabaptist Churches
The Mennonite Church teaches that "tithing as a minimum baseline is one of the principles by which financial giving in the 'first fruits' system is based":
We depend on granting God's grace to food and clothing, to our salvation, and to life itself. We do not have to cling to money and possessions, but can share what God has given us. The practice of helping each other is part of sharing God's gift so that no one in the faith family will be without the necessities of life. Whether through a community of goods or other forms of financial sharing, help each other continue Israel's practice of giving special attention to widows, orphans, foreigners, and others in economic needs (Deut 24: 17-22). The tithe offerings and the offering of the firstfruits are also part of this economic division (Deuteronomy 26, compare Matt. 23:23).
Baptist Church
The American Baptist Convention teaches that "Baptists believe that a proper sense of stewardship begins with" tithe, "a presentation that belongs to Him." The tithe belongs to God. " We have not been given as a result of tithes, our giving begins with the offerings (after our tithe). "
Catholic Church
One of the Church's Commandments is "to pay tithing to their pastor." The Council of Trent, held after the Reformation, taught that "tithing is due to God or religion, and that it is immoral to them."
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) bases its decimals on the following additional scriptures:
And this will be the beginning of the decimals of my people. And after that, those who have received the tithe must pay one-tenth of all their interest each year; and this will be the law that stands for them forever, for my holy priesthood, saith the Lord.
And it was the same Melchizedek to whom Abraham paid tithes; yea, even our father Abraham paid a tenth of a tenth of all he had.
The current tithe is defined by the church as payment to the church of one-tenth of one's annual income. Many LDS leaders have made statements to support the tithe. Every Latter-day Saint receives an opportunity once a year to meet with their bishop about the completion of their tithe. The payment of tithing is mandatory for members to receive the priesthood or get permission to enter the temple.
None of the funds collected from tithes are paid to the church officials. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is Ministry Lay. The money provided is used to build and maintain church buildings and to advance the work of the church. Brigham Young University, almost all LDS schools, also receive a "significant portion" of their maintenance and operational costs from LDs.
Lutheran Church
The Lutheran Church-Missouri synod teaches that "Encouraging the cheerful [s], the first, proportionate fruit (including but not limited to the tithe) that lives and gives in all spheres of life by Christian servants."
The Methodist Church
Disiplin The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection mengajarkan:
That all our people pay to God at least a tenth of all their increase as a minimum financial obligation, and free offerings other than as God have prospered them. The tenth digit is found above the gross income in the salary or net increase when operating the business.
The Book of Discipline of United Methodist Church states that it is the responsibility of ecclesiastics to "educate the local church that tithing is the minimum goal of giving at The United Methodist Church."
The Nazarene Church teaches to pay tithing, though it does not have to be one-tenth under Old Testament law. People pay according to their ability.
Moravian Church
The Moravian Church encourages its members to "financially support the Church's ministry toward the goal of tithing." He "takes it as a sacred responsibility and a sincere opportunity to be a faithful servant of all that God entrusts to us: our time, our talents, [and] our financial resources."
Orthodox Church
Tithing in Middle Eastern Christianity does not spread so much as in the West. The Emperor's Constitution Leo I (ruled 457-474) and Anthemius (ruled 467-472) seems to expect believers to voluntarily pay and prohibit coercion.
The Greek Orthodox archdiocese teaches "proportionate giving and tithe as a normal practice of Christian giving."
Pentecostal Church
The Pentecostal Church of God teaches that "We recognize the scripture duties of all our people, as well as servants, to pay tithes as to the Lord." The tithe must be used for the support of active ministry and for the spread of the gospel and the work of the Lord in general.
The International Pentecostal Church also instructs the faithful that:
Our commitment to Jesus Christ includes stewardship. According to the Bible everything belongs to God. We are the managers of his resources. Our stewardship begins with tithing. All of our members are expected to return a tenth of all their income to God.
The Reformed Church
The Book of Order of the Presbyterian Church (US) states, in respect of the obligation to give a decree:
"Giving is always a sign of Christian commitment and discipleship.The ways in which a believer uses God's gift of material goods, personal ability, and time must reflect a faithful response to God's self-giving in Jesus Christ and the call of Christ to serve and sharing with others in the world.The tithe is the main expression of the discipline of Christian stewardship. "
The United Church of Christ, a denomination in the Congregationalist tradition, teaches that:
When we tithe, we place God as our first priority. We believe in God's abundance instead of worrying not having enough. The churches of tithing live with a vision of abundance rather than a mentality of scarcity.
Collection of church offerings and religious taxes
England and Wales
The right to tithing was given to the English churches by King Ethelwulf in 855. Saladin's tithe was a royal tax, but was judged using ecclesiastical restrictions, in 1188. The legal validity of the tithing system was affirmed under the Westminster Statute of 1285. The Dissolution of the Convent led to the transfer of many rights to tithe to secular landowners and the Crown - and the tithe could be extinguished until 1577 under the 37th Act of Henry VIII's reign. Adam Smith criticized the system at The Wealth of Nations (1776), arguing that rent will encourage farmers to farm more efficiently.
See below for a fuller description and history, to the nineteenth century reforms, written by Sir William Blackstone and edited by other lawyers who had studied in that period.
This system gradually ended with the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836, whose long-lasting Commission of Tithe replaced them with commutation payments, land awards and/or rental fees to those who paid commutation payments and took the opportunity to map (proportionate) the remaining chancel obligations the rectory has been adapted during the medieval period by the house or religious college. His record gives an overview of land ownership in most parishes, the Tithe File, is a source of socio-economic history. Payments that are rolled out of the tithes of several years will be shared between the tithe owners as on the date of their extinction.
This substitution reduces the problem to the main payer by effectively doubling the tithe on rent, but it can cause transitional money supply issues by increasing the demand for transactions for money. Then the decline of large landowners causes the lessee to become a copyright holder and again has to pay directly; this also led to the rejection of new principles by non-Anglicans. It also maintains a system of chancel repair obligations affecting the parish minority in which the rectory has been appropriated. The right land is affected in such places depending on the contents of the document such as the contents of the merger deed and the division of the map.
Tithe tithe
Rental costs in lieu of the abolition of tithe paid by landowners are converted by public expenditure of money under the TITLE Act of 1936 into benefits paid to the state through the Tithing Tithing Commission. Such payments were transferred in 1960 to the Revenue Board, and those remaining were terminated by the 1977 Financial Law.
Tithe Act 1951 establishes the mandatory redemption of the British tithes by landowners in which the annual amount of debt is less than Ã, Â £ 1 thus abolishing the bureaucracy and the cost of collecting a small sum of money.
French
In France, the tithe - called "la dÃÆ'®me" - is a land tax. Initially the voluntary tax, "dÃÆ''me" became mandatory in 1585. In principle, unlike the taille, "dÃÆ''me" was levied on a noble and noble field. DÃÆ'®me is divided into several types, including "grosses dÃÆ'®mes" (grains, grapes, straw), "menues" or "vertes dÃÆ'®mes" (vegetables, poultry), "dÃÆ'®mes de charnage" veal, lamb, pig). Although the term "dÃÆ'®me" comes from the Latin decima [pars] ​​â € <â € < ("tenth", with the same origin as US coins, a dime), "dÃÆ'®me" rarely reaches this percentage and (on the whole) it is closer to 1/13 of agricultural production.
The "dÃÆ'®me" was originally meant to support local parishes, but in the 16th century many "dÃÆ'®mes" went directly to distant monasteries, monasteries, and bishops, leaving poor local parishes, and this contributed to general resentment. In the Middle Ages, some monasteries also offered "dÃÆ''me" as a tribute to local rulers in exchange for their protection (see Feodalism) (this is called "dÃÆ'®mes infÃÆ' Â © odÃÆ' Â © es"), but this practice is prohibited by the Lateran Council 1179.
All religious taxes were constitutionally abolished in 1790, following the French Revolution.
Greek
There has never been a separate church tax or a compulsory license on a Greek citizen. The state pays the salaries of established Greek Church priests, in return for the use of real estate, especially forestry, which belongs to the church. The rest of the church's income comes from the voluntary donations of tax-deductible believers. It is handled by every diocese independently.
ireland
From the British Reformation of the sixteenth century, most of the Irish chose to remain Roman Catholics and now have to pay tithes worth about 10% of the agricultural produce of the area, to defend and fund the established state church, the Anglican Church of Ireland, where only a small percentage of the converts. Irish Presbyterians and other minorities such as Quakers and Jews are in the same situation.
The collection of tithes was rejected in the period 1831-36, known as the Tithe War. After that, the tithe was reduced and added to the lease with the approval of the Substitution of the Law of the Year in 1836. With the dismantling of the Irish Church by the Irish Church Act 1869, the tithe was abolished.
United States
While the federal government never collects church tax or compulsory licenses on its citizens, the states collect tithes into the early nineteenth century. The United States and its subdivisions also exclude most churches from paying income taxes (under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state laws, which also allow donors to claim donations as tax-deductible tax deductions). Also, churches may be allowed exempt from other state and local taxes such as sales and property taxes, either in whole or in part. Pastors, such as ministers and members of religious orders (who have taken the oath of poverty) can be exempt from federal self-employed taxes on income from ministerial services. Income from non-ministry services is taxed and the church is required to withhold Federal and state income taxes from this non-exemption income. They are also required to hold the worker's share of the Social Security and Medicare tax under FICA, and pay the employer's share for non-exclusion income.
Spanish and Latin America
Both tithes (retired), levies of 10% for all agricultural production, and "primicias", additional levies, were collected in Spain throughout the medieval and early modern period for support from local Catholic parishes.
Tithing crossed the Atlantic with the Spanish Empire; however, the Indians who became the overwhelming majority of Spanish colonial American population were exempted from paying tithes on local crops such as corn and potatoes they collected for their own needs. After some debate, the Indians in Spanish colonial America were forced to pay tithe on the production of their European agricultural products, including wheat, silk, cattle, pigs, and sheep.
Tithing was abolished in several Latin American countries, including Mexico, soon after independence from Spain (which began in 1810). The tithe was removed in Spain itself in 1841, and in Argentina in 1826.
Collection of Christian offerings and taxes
Austria
In Austria, the so-called daily church tax ( Kirchensteuer , officially called Kirchenbeitrag , ie church contribution ) must be paid by Catholic and Protestant members Church. It is picked up by the churches themselves and not by the government. The obligation to pay church taxes can only be avoided by official declarations to stop church membership. Taxes are calculated on a personal basis. The number is about 1.1% (Catholic church) and 1.5% (Protestant church).
Denmark
All members of the Danish Church pay church taxes, which vary between cities. Taxes are generally about 1% of taxable income.
Finnish
State church members pay a church tax of between 1% and 2% of income, depending on the municipality. In addition, 2.55% of corporate taxes are distributed to state churches. Church tax is integrated into a common national taxation system.
German
Germany collects church taxes, on all those who claim to be Christians, about 8-9% of their income tax, which is effective (heavily dependent on social and financial circumstances) typically between 0.2% and 1.5% of total income. The results are shared among Catholics, Lutherans, and other Protestant Churches.
The church tax (Kirchensteuer) actually traces its roots back as far as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803. It was reaffirmed in Concordat in 1933 between Nazi Germany and the Catholic Church. Today the legal basis is article 140 of Grundgesetz ("constitution" of Germany) in connection with Article 137 of the Weimar Constitution. The law initially allowed only the churches themselves to impose taxes on their members, but in Nazi Germany, the collection of church taxes was transferred to the German government. As a result, both the German government and employers are notified of the taxpayer's every religious affiliation. This system is still valid today. The obligatory disclosure of religious affiliation to government agencies or employers is a violation of the original European data protection directives but is now permitted after the German government has been granted an exemption.
The Church tax (Kirchensteuer) is mandatory in Germany for those who claim to be members of a particular religious group. It is deducted at PAYE level. The obligation to pay this tax is theoretically started on the first day of baptism. Anyone who wants to stop paying it must state in writing, in the local court (Amtsgericht) or the civil registry office, that they leave the Church. They are then omitted from the list of Churches and can no longer receive certain sacraments, acknowledgments and services; The Roman Catholic Church may deny such a person as a funeral plot. In addition to the government, the taxpayer must also notify his employer of his religious affiliation (or lack thereof) to ensure proper tax cuts.
This allowance is also used by members of the "free church" (eg Baptist) (not affiliated with schemes) to stop paying church taxes, from which free churches do not benefit, to support their own church directly..
Italy
Initially the Italian government Benito Mussolini, under the Lateran agreement of 1929 with the Holy See, paid monthly salaries to the Catholic clergy. This salary is called congruent . Eight thousand laws were created as a result of the agreement, in 1984, between the Italian Republic and the Holy See.
Under this law Italian taxpayers may choose to partition 0.8% ('eight per thousand') of the IRPEF's total income tax levied by Italy among certain religious recognitions or, alternatively, for social assistance programs run by Country of Italy. This declaration is made on the IRPEF form. This sound is not mandatory; all IRPEF levied amounts are distributed in proportion to the explicit declaration.
The latest official statements from the Italian Ministry of Finance made in connection with the 2000 single released seven beneficiaries: the Italian State, the Catholic Church, the Waldenses, the Jewish Community, the Lutheran, the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the Assemblies of God in Italy.
Taxes are distributed as follows:
- 87.17% Catholic Church
- 10.35% Italian Country
- 1.23% The Dead
- 0.46% Jewish Community
- 0.32% Lutheran
- 0.28% Seventh-day Adventist
- 0.21% assembled by God in Italy
In 2000, the Catholic Church raised nearly a billion euros, while the Italian State received about EUR100 million euros.
Scotland
In Scotland teinds is a tenth of a specific product adapted to the care of the Church and the pastor. At the time of the Reformation, most of the Church property was acquired by the Crown Prince, nobles, and landlords. In 1567, the Scottish Advisory Council determined that one third of the land income should be applied to pay the clergy of the Scottish Reformed Church. In 1925 the system was rearranged by laws and provisions were made for the standardization of allowances on fixed value in money. The Court of Appeal acts as the Teind Court. Teinds was eventually removed by section 56 of the Feudal Mastery Abolition etc. (Scotland) Act 2000.
Swedish
Until 2000, Sweden had a compulsory church tax, which would have to be paid if someone became a member of the Church of Sweden, which had distributed about $ 500 million annually to the church. Due to changes in the law, taxes were withdrawn in 2000. However, the Swedish government has agreed to continue to collect from annual taxpayers annual payments that always go to church. But now the tax will be an optional checkoff box on tax returns. The government will allocate the money collected for Catholic, Muslim, Jewish, and other religions as well as Lutherans, with every taxpayer directing where their taxes should go.
Swiss
There is no official state church in Switzerland; however, all 26 cantons (states) financially support at least one of three traditional denominations - Roman Catholic, Old Catholic or Protestant - with funds collected through taxation. Each canton has its own rules about the relationship between church and state. In some areas, church taxes (up to 2.3%) are voluntary but in others people who choose not to contribute to church taxes can formally have to leave the church. In some cantons, private companies can not avoid paying church taxes.
Tithes and legal titles in England before reform
Excerpt from Sir William Blackstone, Comment on English Law :
Definition and classification and they are responsible for paying tithes
... tithes; defined as the tenth part of the increase, incurred annually and renewed from land profits, above-ground stock, and private industry occupants:
- the first species usually called predial, like corn, grass, leap, and wood;
- the second mix , such as wool, milk, pork, & amp; c, consisting of natural products, but preserved and partially preserved by human care; and this the tenth must be paid dirty:
- third private , such as manual work, trade, fisheries, and the like; and this is only the tenth part of the obvious advantages and advantages is due.
... in general, the tithe must be paid for every thing that results in an annual increase, such as corn, straw, fruit, cattle, poultry, and the like; but not for any substance which is the substance of the earth, nor of an annual increase, such as rock, lime, lime, and the like; or for wild creatures, or ferae naturae , as deer, hawks, & amp; c, which increase, so that the owner benefits, not annual, but mediocre.
History
We can not exactly ascertain the time when the tithe was first introduced to this country. Perhaps they were contemporary with the planting of Christianity among Saxons, by Augustin monks, about the end of the fifth century. But the first mention of those, whom I met in written English law, was in a constitutional decision, made in a synod held by A.D. 786, where the tithe payments are generally strongly ordered. This canon, or decree, initially unattached to the laity, was effectively confirmed by two heptarchy kingdoms, in their respective parliamentary conventions, each composed of the kings of Mercia and Northumberland, bishops, dukes, senators , and people.. That was several years later from the time when Charlemagne set their payments in France, and made the famous division into four parts; one to defend the church building, the second to support the poor, the three bishops, and the four parish priests.
Beneficiaries
And in their first introduction (as has been previously observed), although everyone is obliged to pay tithes in general, but he may give them to the priests he enjoys; so-called arbitrary consecration of the tithe: or he may pay them into the hands of the bishop, distributed among the diocesan pastors of church income, who at the same time. However, when the dioceses are divided into parishes, the tithe of each parish is allocated to the minister in particular himself; first by general agreement, or the appointment of landlords, and then by written law of the land.... now universally held, that tithe is an existing right, from a common right, to a parish priest, unless there are special exceptions. This parish priest, whom we have seen before, may have been the true petahana, or the appropriator of the beneficiary: appropriation into a method of devotion to monasteries, which seems to have been designed by ordinary scholars, by substitution for an arbitrary tithe consecration.
Exceptions
We observe that the tithe is due to the priest of the collective right, except with a special exception: let us see, thirdly, that may be exempt from the tithe payment... either partly or wholly, first, by a real composition; or second, based on custom or recipe.
First, the real composition is when an agreement is made between the landowner, and the pastor or vicar, with the consent of the ordinary and the protector, that such lands for the future will be exempt from the tithe payment, on the grounds of some land or other concrete results given to the pastor, as a substitute and satisfaction....
Second, customary or prescribed dismissal, is the time in which such person or land, whether in whole or in part, regardless of the tithe payment. And this eternal use is binding on all sides, because it is a proof of universal agreement and consent; and for reasons presupposing the actual composition that had been made before. This habit or recipe is de modo decimandi , or de non decimando .
A decimandi mode , commonly referred to by the simple name of mode only, is where there is a custom by means of a special tithe that is permitted, as distinct from the general law of tithe in the form of goods, which is the tenth part of the annual increase. This sometimes compensates money, for twice an acre for tithing of the land: sometimes it is a compensation in work and labor, because that the priest will only have the twelve roosters of straw, and not tenth, in the consideration of the owner make it for her: sometimes, in lieu of a large number of coarse or imperfect tithe, the priest will have less amount, when it arrives for greater maturity, as some poultry instead of tithing eggs; and its kind. However, in short, where the general tithing law is changed, and new methods of introducing it are introduced, called decimandi mode , or a special tithe way....
A de non decimando recipe is a claim to be entirely discarded tithes, and does not pay compensation in lieu of them. Thus the king with his prerogative is banished from all tithes. So a vicar will not pay a tenth to the rector, or rector to the vicar, to ecclesia decimas non folvit ecclesiae . But this is private for kings and priests; because the tenant or their tenant will pay the tithe of the same land, although in their own work it can not be recovered. And, in general, it is a prescribed rule, that in lay hands, non non-decimando non valet mode . But spiritual people or corporations, as abbots, abbots, bishops, and the like, have always been able to own their land entirely from the tithe, in various ways: such as
- With the real composition:
- With the Pope's denial:
- With a unity of ownership; such as the parish priesthood, and the land in the same parish, both belonging to a religious house, the lands were banished by this unity of ownership:
- With a recipe; having never been in tithing, always in the spiritual hands:
- By their order; such as the templars, cistercians, and others, whose land is privileged by the pope with the disposal of tithes. Although, at the time of the abbey's dismissal by Henry VIII, much of this liberation from the tithe will fall with them, and the lands become forged again; if they were not supported and upheld by 31 Hen law. VIII. c. 13. who legitimizes that all who should come to possess the lands of any monastery then be dissolved, should liberate them and liberate the tithe, in large numbers and in many ways like the monasteries they had previously held. And from this original source have sprung up all the land, which, in the hands of the people, do to the present claim as tentative: for, if a man can manifest his land into such monastic lands, and has also been thrown out - the extinction of the tithe by one of the ways before it is mentioned, is now a good recipe de non decimando . But he must show both of these conditions; for the monastic lands, without any special land of disposal, not thrown away of course; there will be no prescription de decimando used in the total disposal of tithes, unless it relates to the abbeylands.
Islam
Zak? T (Arabic: span title = "Representation in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> [zÃÆ'Â|kÃÆ'Â|: h] ) or "almsgiving", one of the Pillars of Islam, is giving a fraction of one's assets to charity. It primarily serves as a contribution to the welfare of the poor and needy Muslims, though others may have the rightful share. It is the duty of an Islamic state not only to collect zakat but to distribute it fairly as well.
Zakat is paid on three types of assets: wealth, production, and animals. The more famous zakat about wealth is 2.5% of the accumulated wealth, beyond one's personal needs. Production (agriculture, industry, leasing, etc.), subject to zakat 10% or 5% (also known as Ushur (????), or "tenth"), using the rule that if both work and capital are involved, % applied, if only one of them is used for production, then the rate is 10%. For any income, which does not require labor or capital, such as finding underground treasures, the rate is 20%. The rules for zakat on animal ownership are determined by the type of animal group and tend to be quite detailed.
Muslims fulfill this religious obligation by giving a fixed percentage of their surplus wealth. Zakat has been paired with such a high sense of virtue that it is often placed at the same level of importance by performing repeated daily prayers (rituals). Muslims see this process as well as a way to purify themselves of their greed and selfishness and also keep the business of the future. In addition, Zakat purifies the one who receives it because it saves him from the humiliation of begging and preventing him from being envious of the rich. Because it holds a high degree of importance, "punishment" for not paying when it is able to be very heavy. In the 2nd edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam it states, "... the prayers of those who do not pay zakat will not be accepted". This is because without Zakat, extraordinary difficulties are placed on the poor who otherwise would not be there. In addition to fearing their prayers are not heard, those who are able to practice this third pillar of Islam is because the Qur'an states that this is what a believer should do.
Non-Muslims (men of healthy military age) living in an Islamic state are required to pay Jizya, this frees them from military service and they do not pay Zakat.
Sikhism
Daswandh (Punjabi: ?????), sometimes spelled Dasvandh , is the tenth (or 10%) part of a person's income that should be donated in the name of God, according to the Sikh principle.
See also
- The Church of Tithes in Kiev
- Council on the Disposition of the Tithes
- Peter's Fence
- Religious freedom by country
- Tithe: A Modern Faerie Tale novel by Holly Black
- Tithing
- Tithes (state divisions)
- Zakah on the Islamic concept of tithing and alms
Note
References
- Albright, W. F. and Mann, C. S. Matthew, The Anchor Bible , Vol. 26. Garden City, New York, 1971.
- Assyrian Dictionary from the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute , Vol. 4 "E." Chicago, 1958.
- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. The Gospels According to Luke, X-XXIV, The Anchor Bible , Vol. 28A. New York, 1985.
- Grena, G.M. (2004). LMLK - A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1 . Redondo Beach, California: History of Writing 4000 Years. ISBN: 0-9748786-0-X.
- Speiser, E. A. Genesis, The Anchor Bible , Vol.1. Garden City, New York, 1964.
- Kelly, Russell Earl, "Should the Church Teach the Tithing?" The Conclusion of a Theologian on the Doctrine of Taboo, "IUniverse, 2001.
- Matthew E. Narramore, "Tithing: Low-Realm, Deprecated & Rejected" - April 2004 - (ISBNÃ, 0-9745587-02)
- Croteau, David A. "You mean I do not have to tithe: Deconstruction of Tithe and Reconstruction of the Granting of Passive Tithes" (McMaster Theological Studies)
Further reading
-
Gower, Granville William Gresham Leveson- (1883). Tithe: paper read at Diocesan Conference in Rochester . Rochester: Rochester diocese.
External links
- Theologian Russell Kelly about the tithe
- Tithe on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Ask & amp; A On Tithing By Russ Kelly
- Articles by Scholar of the New Testament David Croteau
- Tithe Debate - Arguments For and Against Today's Christian Tithing
- A brief history of tithes in the UK on the Wayback Machine (index archive)
- What is Christian Tithe?
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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