Hebron (Arabic: ????????? ? al-Khal? L ; language Hebrew: ???????? ? evron ) is a Palestinian city located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Located in the Judaean Mountains, it is located 930 meters (3,050Ã, ft) above sea level. The largest city in the West Bank, and the second largest in the Palestinian territories after Gaza, has a population of 215,452 Palestinians (2016), and between 500 and 850 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old region. The 1997 Hebron Protocol divides the city into two sectors: H1, controlled by the Palestinian Authority and H2, about 20% of the city, managed by Israel. All security arrangements and travel permits for local residents are coordinated between the Palestinian Authority and Israel through the West Bank military administration (COGAT). The settlers had their own self-governing municipality, the Hebron Jewish Community Committee.
Jews, Christians and Muslims all honor the city of Hebron because of its relationship with Abraham - it includes the traditional burial sites of the Biblical Patriarch and the Matriarch, in the Caves of the Patriarchs. Judaism placed Hebron as the second holiest city after Jerusalem, while Islam regarded it as one of the four holy cities.
Hebron is a busy center of West Bank trade, generating about a third of the region's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of limestone from mining in its area. It has a local reputation for wine, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing mills, and is the premier dairy products manufacturer, al-Juneidi . Hebron's old town has narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Polytechnic University of Palestine.
Hebron adheres to ad-Dhahiriya, Dura, Yatta, the surrounding villages indefinitely. Hebron Governorate is the largest Palestinian governor, with a population of 600,364 in 2010.
Video Hebron
Etymology
The name "Hebron" traces back to two Semitic roots, which are fused in the form of ? Br , has reflexes in Hebrew and Amorese and denotes the various meanings of "peer", "united" or "friend". In the proper name Hebron , the original meaning might be the alliance .
The Arabic term comes from the nickname of the Qur'an for Abraham, Khalil al-Rahman ( ?????????????? ??? ) "Beloved of the Merciful" or "Friend of God". The Arabic Al-Khalil actually translates the ancient Hebrew ? Ebron , which is understood as ? Aber (friends).
Maps Hebron
History
Canaan period
Archaeological excavations reveal the traces of a strong fort dated to the Early Bronze Age, which includes 24-30 dunam centered around Tel Rumeida. The city grew in the 17th-18th century AD before it was destroyed by fire, and resettled at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. The older Hebron was originally a Canaanite kingdom. Abraham's legend connects the city with the Hittites. It has been assumed that Hebron was probably the capital of Shuwardata of Gath, a contemporary Indo-European (Canaan) of the regent of Jerusalem, Abdi-Kheba, although the Hebron hill was almost without settlement in the Late Bronze Age. The Abraham traditions associated with Hebron are nomadic, and may also reflect the Kenite elements, as the nomadic Kenite is said to have long occupied the city, and Heber is the name for the Kenite clan. In the narrative of the later Hebrew conquest, Hebron is one of the two centers under Canaan's control and governed by three sons of the Son ( b e nÃÆ'ª/y e lÃÆ'®dÃÆ'Â Dalam h? '? naq ), or may reflect some of the Kenite and Kenizzite migrations from the Negev to Hebron, since the term related to the Kenizzites seems close to Hurrian, which shows that behind the legend of Anakim there were some early Hurrians. In the Bible they are represented as descendants of the Nephilim. The Book of Genesis mentions that it was previously called Kirjath-arba, or "city of four," probably referring to four couples or couples buried there, or four tribes, or four quarters, four hills, or four-family confederate settlements.
Abraham's purchase of the Cave of the Ancestors of the Hittites was an essential element in what became the Jewish attachment to the land because it denoted Israel's first "real estate" long before the conquest under Joshua. In settling here, Abraham is depicted as making his first appointment, an alliance with two local Amorite clans who became ba'alei brit or his master of agreement .
First Jewish Period
Hebron The Bible centers on what is now known as Tel Rumeida, while its ritual center is located in Elonei Mamre. It is said to have been captured from Canaan by Joshua, who was said to have wiped out all the inhabitants before, "destroying everything that breathes, as the Lord God of Israel commanded", or the tribe of Judah as a whole, or specifically Caleb the Judahite. The city itself, with some adjacent pasture land, was then said to have been given to the Levites from the Kohath tribe, while the fields of the city, and the surrounding villages were assigned to Caleb (Joshua 21: 3-12; 1 Chronicles 6: 54-56 ), which drives the three giants, Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai, who rule the city. Later, the biblical narrative told King David to be called by God to move to Hebron and rule from there for about seven years ( 2 Samuel 2: 1-3 ). There the elders of Israel came to him to make a covenant before Elohim and anoint him king of Israel. In Hebron again that Absalom had declared himself king and then caused rebellion against his father, David (2 Samuel 15: 7-10 ). It became one of the main centers of the Tribe of Judah and is classified as one of the six traditional Refugee Cities.
As the Lakhis find, the second most important Judean city after Jerusalem, with a seal with an inscription of Hebron's lmlk (Hebron's king), Hebron continues to be an important center of local economy, given its strategic position at the intersection between the Sea Dead in the east, Jerusalem to the north, the Negev and Egypt to the south, and Shepelah and the coastal plains to the west. Lying along the trade route, it remains administratively and politically dependent on Jerusalem for this period.
Classic Century - Second Jewish Period
After the destruction of the First Temple, most of the Hebron Jewish population was exiled, and according to conventional view, some researchers found traces of the presence of Edom after the fifth century BC, when it became an Achaemenid province, and, after Alexander the Great's conquest, throughout the Hellenistic period under the influence of Idumea (as a new area inhabited by Edomites called during the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman periods), as evidenced by the inscription for that period with names with the God of Edomite Q? The Jews also seem to have stayed there after returning from Babylonian captivity ( Nehemiah 11:25 ). During the Maccabean uprising, Hebron was burned and looted by Judah Maccabee who fought against the Edomites in 167 BC. The city seems to have long resisted the domination of the Hasmonean, and even until the end of the First Jewish-Roman War was still considered Idumean.
The city of Hebron is currently settling in the descending valley of Tel Rumeida at the latest in Roman times.
Herod the Great, king of Judea, built a wall that still surrounds the Caves of the Patriarchs. During the First Jewish-Roman War, Hebron was captured and looted by Simon Bar Giora, leader of the peasant faction, without bloodshed. The "little town" was then wasted by Vespasian officer Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis. Josephus wrote that he "killed all that he found there, old and young, and burned the city." After the defeat of Simon Bar Kokhba in AD 135, countless Jewish prisoners were sold into slavery in the Hebron Terebel slave market.
The city is part of the Byzantine Empire in the province of Palaestina Prima in the Eastern Diocese. The Byzantine Emperor, Justinian, founded a Christian church above the Cave of Machpela in the 6th century, which was later destroyed by Sassanid Shahrbaraz's general in 614 when Khosrau II troops surrounded and captured Jerusalem. The Jews were not allowed to live in Hebron under Byzantine rule. The sanctuary itself was spared by Persia, in honor of the Jewish population, which many in the Sassanid army.
Islamic Era
Hebron was one of the last Palestinian cities to fall into the Islamic invasion of the seventh century, perhaps the reason why Hebron is not mentioned in the Arab conquest tradition. After the fall of the city, the conqueror of Jerusalem, Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab allowed the Jews to return and build a small synagogue in the Herodian region. When the Rashidun caliphate established a rule over Hebron in 638, they changed the Byzantine church on the site of Abraham's tomb into a mosque. It became an important station on the caravan trade routes of Egypt, and also as a station-road for pilgrims who made the annual Hajj from Damascus. Arculf Catholic bishop who visited the Holy Land during the Umayyad government described the city as a city that was not fortified and poor. In his writings he also mentions camel caravans carrying firewood from Hebron to Jerusalem, which implies the presence of Arab nomads in the region at that time. Trade is very developed, especially with Bedouin tribes in the Negev ( al-Naqab ) and residents to the east of the Dead Sea ( Ba? R
'Habra (Hebron) is the village of Abraham al-Khalil (Friend of God)... Inside there is a strong fort... into a very big squared stone. In this center stands a dome of stone, built in the days of Islam, above Abraham's grave. Isaac's grave lies ahead, in the main building of the mosque, the tomb of Jacob to the rear; facing every prophet lies his wife. Enklosur has been converted into a mosque, and built around it is a resting house for pilgrims, so they are adjacent to the main building on all sides. A small water channel has been done for them. All the countryside around this town for about half the stage has villages in every direction, with vineyards and yards that produce grapes and apples called Jabal Nahra... being the fruit of unparalleled excellence... Mostly the fruit is dried, and sent to Egypt. In Hebron is a public guest house open constantly, with a cook, a baker and waitress present regularly. It offers a plate of lentils and olive oil to every poor person who comes, and it is also arranged before the rich, if they want to take part. Most men expressed the opinion that this was a continuation of Abraham's guesthouse, but, in fact from the inheritance (the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad) Tamim-al From and others.... The Amir of Khurasan... has been assigned to this charity a thousand dirhams a year,... al-Shar al-Adil gave him a substantial will.I currently do not know in all areas of al-Islam every hospitality and charity house is better than this one. '
The custom, known as the 'Abraham table' ( sim? T al-khalil ), is similar to that set by the Fatimids, and in Hebron's version, it finds its most famous expression. Persian tourists Nasir-i-Khusraw who visited Hebron in 1047 records in his Safarnama
- "... This sanctuary has belonged to many villages that provide income for godly purposes.In one of these villages is a spring, where water flows out from beneath the rock, but not much, and that done by the canal, cut on the ground, to a place outside the city (Hebron), where they have built a closed tank to collect water... The Sanctuary (Mashad), stands on the southern border of the city.... it is enclosed by four walls The Mihrab (or niche) and Maksurah (or the enclosed space for the Friday prayer) stand at the width of the building (at the southern end).In Maksurah many Mihrab are subtle.He further notes that "They grew up in Hebron for most barley, rare, but olives abound. The [visitors] were given bread and olives. There are many factories here, done by oxen and mules, all day grinding flour, and furthermore, there are working girls who, all day baking bread. The bread is [about three pounds] and for everyone who arrives they give each day a loaf of bread, and a plate of nuts cooked in olive oil, as well as some raisins.... there are some days when as many as five hundred pilgrims come, each of these hospitality is offered. "
Geniza documents from this period refer only to the "graves of the ancestors" and revealed there was an organized Jewish community in Hebron which had a synagogue near the tomb, and was busy accommodating pilgrims and Jewish merchants. During the Seljuk period, the community was led by Saadia b. Abraham b. Nathan, known as the "haver of the patriarch's tomb."
Crusader Rules
The Caliphate took place in the area until 1099, when the Christian Crusaders Godfrey de Bouillon took Hebron and named it "Castellion Saint Abraham". It is the capital of the southern district of the Crusader Kingdom and is given, in turn, as the prince of Saint Abraham, to Geldemar Carpinel, bishop Gerard of Avesnes, Hugh of Rebecques, Walter Mohamet and Baldwin of Saint Abraham. As the Frank garrison of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, his defense became "little more than an island in the Muslim sea". The Crusaders transformed the mosque and the synagogue into a church. In 1106, an Egyptian campaign pierced into southern Palestine and almost succeeded the following year in retaking Hebron back from the Crusaders under Baldwin I of Jerusalem, who personally led a counterattack to repel the Muslim army. In 1113 during the reign of Baldwin II in Jerusalem, according to Ali Herat (writes in 1173), certain passages above Abraham's cave have given way, and "a number of Franks have entered into it". And they found "(the corpses) of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob", "their shrouds have been smashed to pieces, lying on the wall... Then the King, having given a new veil, causes the place to be closed again." Similar information was given in Ibn at Chronicle Athir under 1119; "This year opened the tomb of Abraham, and his two sons, Isaac and Jacob... Many saw the Patriarchs, their limbs now disturbed, and beside them were placed gold and silver lamps." Damascus lieutenant and historian Ibn al-Qalanisi in his historical account also alludes today to the discovery of the relics supposedly belonging to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, a curious invention among the three communities in Palestine, Muslims, Jews and Christians. Towards the end of the Crusading period, in 1166 Maimonides visited Hebron and wrote,
'On Sunday, 9th Marheshvan (October 17), I left Jerusalem to Hebron to kiss my ancestral grave in the Cave. On that day, I stood in the cave and prayed, praise for God, (thanksgiving) for everything '.
Royal domain, Hebron was handed over to Philip of Milly in 1161 and joined the Seigneurie of Transjordan. A bishop was appointed to Hebron in 1168 and the new cathedral church at St. Abraham was built in the south of Haram. In 1167, see the episcopal Hebron was created with Crust and Sebastia (John the Baptist's tomb).
In 1170, Benjamin of Tudela visited the city, which he called by his Frank, St.Abram de Bron . He reports:
Here is a great church called St. Abram, and this was a place of Jewish worship during the reign of Mohammedan, but the Gentiles had established there six tombs, each called the people of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah. The guard told the pilgrims that this was the tomb of the Patriarchs, where the information of the pilgrims gave them money. However, if a Jew comes, and gives a special gift, the guard of the cave opens him an iron gate, built by our ancestors, and then he can go downstairs through the stairs, holding a burning candle in his hand. He then reaches a cave, where nothing can be found, and a cave outside, which is also empty, but when he reaches the third cave, there are six porridge, the people of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, each facing Sarah , Rebekah and Leah.
Ayyubid and Mamluk Rules
The Saladin Muslim Kurds recaptured Hebron in 1187 - again with Jewish help according to one final tradition, in return for a security letter allowing them to return to the city and build a synagogue there. The city name was changed back to Al-Khalil . The Kurdish quarter remained in the city during the early Ottoman period. Richard the Lionheart reclaimed the city shortly thereafter. Richard of Cornwall, was brought from Britain to settle a dangerous dispute between the Templars and the Hospitaller, whose rival jeopardized a treaty that ensured the regional stability established by the Egyptian sultan As-Salih Ayyub, managed to impose peace in the area. But soon after his departure, the dispute took place and in 1241, the Templars committed a devastating attack on what is now, Hebron Muslims, breaking the agreement.
In 1244, the Kharesmians destroyed the city, but left the shrine untouched. In 1260, after the Mamluks of the Sultan Baibars defeated the Mongols, the towers were built in the sanctuary. Six years later, while on a pilgrimage to Hebron, Baibars announced a decree prohibiting Christians and Jews from entering the sanctuary, and the climate becoming less tolerant of Jews and Christians than under Ayyubi's previous rule. The decree to exclude Christians and Jews was not strictly enforced until the mid-14th century and in 1490, not even a Muslim was allowed into the underground caves.
The factory in Artas was built in 1307 where the profits from its revenues are dedicated to Hospitals in Hebron. Between 1318-20, Na'ib Gaza and many coastal and inland areas of Palestine ordered the construction of the Jawli Mosque to enlarge prayer halls for worshipers at the Ibrahimi Mosque.
Hebron was visited by several important rabbis for the next two centuries, among them Nachmanides (1270) and Ishtori HaParchi (1322) who recorded the old Jewish cemetery there. Sunni Imam Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292-1350) was convicted by religious authorities in Damascus for refusing to recognize Hebron as a Muslim pilgrimage site, the view also held by his teacher Ibn Taymiyyah.
Italian travelers, Meshulam of Volterra (1481) found no more than twenty Jewish families living in Hebron. and told how the Jewish women in Hebron would disguise themselves by wearing the hijab so that they could become Muslim women and enter the Cave of the Patriarchs without being recognized as Jews.
A brief description of Hebron is recorded in Stephen von Gumpenberg's Journal (1449), by Felix Fabri (1483) and by Mejr ed-Din. In this period, also, that the Mamluk Sultan Qa'it Bay revived Hebron's "Abraham desk" as a model for Madinah's own madrasah. It became a huge charity near Haram, distributing about 1,200 loaves daily to travelers of all faiths. The Italian rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura wrote Machpelah around 1490 writes:
'I was in Machpelah Cave, where the mosque was built; and the Arabs held the place for a high price. All the Arab Kings came here to repeat their prayers, but neither the Jews nor the Arabs could enter the Cave itself, where the graves of the real Patriarchs were; the Arabs stayed upstairs, and lowered the torches into it through the windows, for they kept the light always burning there.. Bread and lentils, or some other pulse type (beans or pea seeds), are distributed (by Muslims) to the poor every day without distinguishing the faith, and this is done in honor of Abraham. '
The early Ottoman rule
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire along the southern Mediterranean coast under the Selim I sultan coincided with the formation of the Inquisition commission by the Catholic Kings in Spain, ending centuries of Iberian convivencia (coexistence). The expulsion of the Jews then encouraged many Sephardi Jews to the Ottoman provinces, and the entry of Jews into the Holy Land was slowly taking place, with some of the famous Sephardi kabbala settling in Hebron. For the next two centuries, there was a significant migration of Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula to Palestine. Many settled in three separate villages in W? D? al Khal? l, and their descendants then form the majority of Hebron.
The Jewish community fluctuated between 8-10 families throughout the 16th century, and suffered severe financial difficulties in the first half of the century. In 1540, the famous kabbalist, Malkiel Ashkenazi, bought a courtyard from the small community of Karaite, where he founded the Sephardi Sinaga Separate Abraham Avinu. In 1659, Abraham Pereyra of Amsterdam founded Hesed Le'Abraham yeshiva in Hebron which attracted many students. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Jewish community suffered huge debts, almost fourfold from 1717-1729, and "almost destroyed" from extortion by Turkish pashas. In 1773 or 1775, large sums of money were maximized from the Jewish community, paying to prevent an endangered disaster, after false accusations were made alleging they had killed the son of a local sheikh and threw his body into a pit. Envoys from the public are often sent abroad for funding.
During the Ottoman period, the condition of the tomb of the dilapidated ancestors was returned to the semblance of luxury. Ali Bey, one of several foreigners to gain access, was reported in 1807,
'All the patriarchal sepulchres covered with a rich silk carpet, embroidered with pure gold; they are from red wives, embroidered in the same way. The sultans of Constantinople furnished these carpets, which were updated from time to time. Ali Bey counted nine, one above the other, above Abraham's grave. '
Hebron is also known throughout the Arab world for its glass production, supported by the Bedouin trade network carrying minerals from the Dead Sea, and the industry is mentioned in 19th century tourist books to Palestine. For example, Ulrich Jasper Seetzen noted during his journey in Palestine in 1808-09 that 150 people were employed in the glass industry in Hebron, based on 26 kilns. In 1844, Robert Sears wrote that the Hebron population in 400 Arab families "produces glass lights, which are exported to Egypt, the provision is abundant, and there are many shops." The early 19th century travelers also commented on the rapidly growing Hebron farm. In addition to the glassware, it is a major exporter of dibse, grape sugar, from the famous Dabookeh grilokock characteristic of Hebron.
The Arab peasant uprising broke out in April 1834 when Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt announced he would recruit troops from the local Muslim population. Hebron, led by Nazir Abd ar-Rahman Amr, refused to supply his military compulsory quota for the army and suffered badly from the Egyptian campaign to crush the insurgency. The city was invested and when his defense fell on August 4 it was fired by Ibrahim Pasha's army. It is estimated that 500 Muslims from Hebron were killed in the attack and about 750 were conscripted. 120 youths were kidnapped and handed over to Egyptian army officers. Most of the Muslim population managed to escape first to the hills. Many Jews fled to Jerusalem, but during the general looting in the city, at least five people were killed. In 1838, the total population was estimated at 10,000. When the Government of Ibrahim Pasha fell in 1841, the head of the local clan Abd ar-Rahman Amr once again continued the reins of power as Sheikh Hebron. Due to his overwhelming demand for cash from locals, most of the Jewish population fled to Jerusalem. In 1846, the head of the Ottoman government in Jerusalem (serasker ), K? R? Sl? Mehmed Emin Pasha, campaigned to subdue the rebellious sheikhs in the Hebron area, and while doing so, allowed his troops to fire the city. Although widely rumored that he secretly protects Abd ar-Rahman, the latter was deported along with other local leaders (such as Muslih al-'Azza of Bayt Jibrin), but he managed to return to the area in 1848.
End Ottoman rule
In 1850, the Jewish population consisted of 45-60 Sephardi families, some 40 were born in the city, and the 30-year-old Ashkenazi community with 50 families, mainly Polish and Russian, the Lubavitch Hashathic movement after establishing a community in 1823. Progress of Ibrahim Pasha destroyed for a while the local glass industry for, apart from losing its life, plans to build a Mediterranean fleet causing severe logging in the Hebron forest, and firewood for the kiln increasingly rare. At the same time, Egypt began importing cheap European glass, changing the Haj route from Damascus through Transjordan and removing Hebron as a staging point, and the Suez canal (1869) was eliminated by caravan trading. The consequence is a steady decline in the local economy.
At present, the city is divided into four parts: the Ancient Quarter ( Harat al-Kadim ) near the Cave of Machpela; to the south, the Quarter of the Silk Merchant ( Harat al-Kazaz ), inhabited by Jews; Shaykh-Mameluke region ( Harat ash Sheikh ) to the northwest, and further north, Dense Quarter ( Harat al-Harbah ). In 1855, the newly-appointed Ottoman of Jerusalem's "pasha" ("governor") of Jerusalem's "daha" ("district"), Kamil Pasha, attempted to subjugate the rebellion in the Hebron region. Kamil and his troops marched to Hebron in July 1855, with representatives from the Western, English and British consulates as witnesses. After destroying all the opposition, Kamil appointed Salama Amr, the brother and powerful rival of Abd al Rachman, as the Nazirite of Hebron. After this relatively quiet reigns in the city for the next 4 years. Hungarian Jews from Karlin Hasidic's court settled in another part of the city in 1866. According to Nadav Shragai a good Arab-Jewish relationship, and Alter Rivlin, who spoke Arabic and Syrian-Aramaic, was appointed as a Jewish representative to the city council. Hebron suffered a severe drought in 1869-71 and the food sold for ten times the normal value. From 1874 the district of Hebron as part of Sanjak Jerusalem was managed directly from Istanbul.
By the end of the 19th century Hebron glass production declined due to competition from imported European glassware, but Hebron's products continued to be sold, especially among the poor and Jewish merchants traveling from the city. At the 1873 World Exposition in Vienna, Hebron was represented with glass ornaments. A report by the French consul in 1886 showed that glass making remains an important source of income for Hebron, with four factories earning 60,000 francs annually. While the economies of other cities in Palestine are based solely on trade, Hebron is the only city in Palestine that combines agriculture, livestock grazing and trade, including the manufacture of glassware and leather processing. This is because the most fertile soil lies within the city limits. The city, however, is considered unproductive and has a reputation of "becoming an asylum for the poor and the spiritual." Different in the architectural style of Nablus, whose rich traders build handsome homes, the main characteristic of Hebron is its semi-urban, semi-peasant house.
Hebron is 'very Bedouin and Islami', and 'very conservative' in his religious view, with a tradition of strong animosity towards the Jews. It has a reputation for religious zeal in protecting its website from Jews and Christians, but both the Jewish and Christian communities seem to be well integrated into the city's economic life. As a result of its commercial decline, tax revenues were significantly reduced, and the Ottoman government, avoiding interference in complex local politics, left Hebron relatively undisturbed, to become 'one of the most autonomous regions in late Ottoman Palestine'.
The Jewish community was under French patronage until 1914. The Jewish presence itself was divided between the traditional Sephardi community, Orthodox and anti-Zionist, whose members spoke Arabic and adopted Arab outfits, and the introduction of the newer Ashkenazis. They pray in different synagogues, send their children to different schools, live in different places and do not marry.
English Rule
The British occupied Hebron on December 8, 1917. Most of Hebron is owned by the old Islamic charity donation (waqfs ), with about 60% of all land in and around Hebron belonging to Tam? M al-D? R? waqf. In 1922, the population reached 17,000. During the 1920s, Abd al-? Ayy al-Kha ?? b designated as Mufti of Hebron. Prior to his appointment, he had become a loyal opponent of Haji Amin, supporting the National Association of Muslims and having good relations with the Zionists. Then, al-Kha ?? b to be one of Haji Amin's loyal followers in Hebron. During the late Ottoman period, a new ruling elite has appeared in Palestine. They then formed the core of the growing Arab nationalist movement in the early 20th century. During the Mandate period, the delegation from Hebron constituted only 1 percent of the political leadership. The Palestinian Arab decision to boycott the 1923 elections for the Legislative Council was held at the fifth Palestinian Congress, after Murshid Shahin (an Arab pro-Zionist activist) reported that there was fierce resistance in Hebron against the election. Almost no house in Hebron remained undamaged when an earthquake struck Palestine on July 11, 1927.
The Caves of the Patriarchs continued to remain officially closed to non-Muslims, and reported that entry to the site had been relaxed in 1928 rejected by the Supreme Council of Muslims.
At this time after efforts by the Lithuanian government to arrange yeshiva students into the army, Yeshiva Hebron of Lithuania (Knesses Yisroel) moved to Hebron, after consultation between Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel, Yechezkel Sarna and Moshe Mordechai Epstein. and in 1929 attracted some 265 students from Europe and the United States. The majority of Jewish residents live on the outskirts of Hebron along the roads to Be'ersheba and Jerusalem, renting Arabian homes, partly built for the purpose of Jewish housing tenants, with several dozen inside the city. around the synagogue. During the Hebron massacre of 1929, Arab rioters massacred 64 to 67 Jewish men, women and children and wounded 60, and Jewish homes and synagogues ransacked; 435 Jews survived because of the residence and help offered by their Arab neighbors, who hid them. Some Hebron Arabs, including Ahmad Rashid al-Hirbawi, president of Hebron's chamber of commerce, supported the return of the Jews following the massacre. Two years later, 35 families moved back to the ruins of the Jewish region, but on the eve of the Palestinian Arab uprising (April 23, 1936) the British Government decided to move the Jewish community out of Hebron as a precaution to secure its territory. security. The only exception is the 8th generation Hebronite Ya'akov ben Shalom Ezra, who processes dairy products in the city, blends well with his social landscape and lives there under the protection of friends. In November 1947, in anticipation of the UN vote, Ezra's family closed down his shop and left town. Yossi Ezra has since tried to regain his family property through Israeli courts.
Jordanian Rules
At the beginning of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt controlled Hebron. Between May and October, Egypt and Jordan fought for dominance in Hebron and beyond. Both countries appoint a military governor in the city, hoping to get recognition from officials of Hebron. The Egyptians managed to persuade the pro-Jordanian mayors to support their power, at least superficially, but local opinion turned against them as they imposed a tax. The villagers around Hebron fought back and there was a clash where several people were killed. By the end of 1948, some Egyptian troops from Bethlehem to Hebron had been cut off from their supply lines and Glubb Pasha sent 350 Arabian Legions and armored car units to Hebron to strengthen them there. When a ceasefire was signed, the city fell under the control of the Jordanian military. The ceasefire agreement between Israel and Jordan is intended to allow Israeli Jewish pilgrims to visit Hebron, but, since Jews from all countries are banned by Jordan into the country, this is not the case.
In December 1948, the Jericho Conference was held to decide the future of the West Bank held by Jordan. The figure of Hebron, led by the mayor of Mohammed 'Ali al-Ja'bari, chose to be part of Jordan and recognized Abdullah I of Jordan as their king. The next unilateral annexation benefited the Arabs in Hebron, who during the 1950s, played an important role in Jordan's economic development.
Although large numbers of people moved to Jerusalem from Hebron during the Jordanian period, Hebron himself saw a considerable population increase with 35,000 settled in the city. During this period, the previous signs of Jewish presence in Hebron have been removed.
Israeli Occupation
After the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel occupied Hebron along with the rest of the West Bank, establishing a military government to govern the area. In an effort to reach the ground for a peace deal, Yigal Allon proposed that Israel annex 45% of the West Bank and return the rest to Jordan. According to the Allon Plan, the city of Hebron will be located in the Jordanian territory, and to define Israel's own borders, Allon suggests building a Jewish settlement near Hebron. David Ben-Gurion also assumes that Hebron is a sector of a conquered territory that must remain under Jewish control and be open to Jewish settlements. Regardless of its symbolic message to the international community that Israel's rights in Hebron, according to the Jews, can not be revoked, the settlement of Hebron also has a theological significance in some circles. For some, the capture of Hebron by Israel has unleashed a messianic spirit.
Survivors and descendants of the previous community mixed up. Some support Jewish rebuilding projects, others praise life in peace with the Hebron Arabs, while the third group recommends full withdrawal. The descendants who support the last view have met with Palestinian leaders in Hebron. In 1997, a hereditary group broke away from the settlers by calling them a stumbling block to peace. On May 15, 2006, a member of a direct descendant of 1929 refugees urged the government to continue its support of Jewish settlements, allowing the return of eight families evacuated last January from the homes they founded in the empty shops near Avraham Avinu neighborhood. Beit HaShalom, founded in 2007 in a state of dispute, is under a court order allowing for forced evacuation. All Jewish settlers were expelled on 3 December 2008.
Immediately after the 1967 war, the mayor al-Ja'bari did not succeed in promoting the establishment of a Palestinian autonomous entity in the West Bank, and in 1972, he advocated setting up a confederation with Jordan instead. al-Ja'bari remains consistent in fostering a peace policy towards Israel. He was ousted by Fahad Qawasimi in the 1976 mayoral election, which marked a shift in support for pro-PLO nationalist leaders.
Jewish settlement supporters in Hebron saw their program as an important legacy reclamation dating from biblical times, dissolved or, disputed, stolen by Arabs after the 1929 massacre. The purpose of the settlement was to return to our ancestral land, and the Hebron model to seize back sacred sites in the Palestinian territories have pioneered settler patterns in Bethlehem and Nablus. Many reports, foreign and Israeli, are very critical of the behavior of the Hebron settlers.
Sheik Farid Khader heads the Ja'bari tribe, which consists of about 35,000 people, considered one of the most important tribes in Hebron. For years, members of the tribe of Ja'bari were the mayors of Hebron. Khader regularly meets with settlers and officials of the Israeli government and is a strong contender of the Palestinian State and the Palestinian Authority itself. Khader believed that Jews and Arabs should learn to live side by side.
Hebron Division
Following the 1995 Oslo Accord and the Hebron Treaty of 1997, Palestinian cities were placed under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, with the exception of Hebron, which is divided into two sectors: H1 is controlled by the Palestinian Authority and H2 is controlled by Israel. About 120,000 Palestinians live in H1, while some 30,000 Palestinians along with some 700 Israelis remain under Israeli military control in H2. In 2009, a total of 86 Jewish families lived in Hebron. The IDF (Israel Defense Force) may not enter H1 except under Palestinian escort. Palestine can not approach the areas where the settlers live without the special permission of the IDF. Jewish settlements are widely perceived as illegal by the international community, although the Israeli government denies this.
The Palestinian population in H2 has greatly declined due to the impact of Israeli security measures that include an extended curfew, strict restrictions on movement, closure of Palestinian commercial activities near settler areas and harassment payments.
Palestine is prohibited from using Al-Shuhada Street, a major commercial highway. As a result, about half the Arab stores in H2 have gone out of business since 1994.
Israeli settlements
The post-1967 settlement was driven by the theological doctrine developed at Mercaz HaRav Kook under the founders of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, and his son Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook, whom he said the Land of Israel is sacred, the people, blessed with divine splendor, are sacred, and that The Messianic Redeemer Age has arrived, requiring that the Land and the People unite in occupying the land and fulfilling the commandments. Hebron has a certain role in the cosmic drama that lies: tradition assumes that Abraham bought the land there, that King David is his king, and Abraham's tomb covers the entrance to the Garden of Eden, and is the site excavated by Adam, who, with Eve, buried there. Redemption will occur when the feminine and masculine characteristics of God unite on the site. The establishment of Hebron is not only a right and a duty, but does the greatest good of the world, with the actions of the community as an example of the Jews in Hebron becoming "light for the nations" ( or la-goyim) and bringing redemption them, even if this means violating secular law, expressed in religiously motivated violence against Palestinians, who are widely viewed as "evil, cruel, selfish, and unbelievable". Clashes with Palestinians in the settlement project have a theological significance in the Hebron Jewish community: war friction, in Kook's view, is conducive to the messianic process, and 'Arabs' must go. There is no family relationship between the new settlers and the Hebron traditional Jewish Family, who vigorously opposed the presence of new settlers in Hebron. According to the ruling given by the Israeli Supreme Court in 2011, Jews have no right to property they own in places such as Hebron and Tel Rumeida before 1948, and have no right to compensate for their losses. First settlement, Kiryat Arba
In the spring of 1968, Rabbi Moshe Levinger, along with a group of Israelis posing as Swiss tourists, rented from owner Faiz Qawasmeh, the main hotel in Hebron and then refused to leave. The survival of the Labor government depends on the National Religious Party associated with religious Zionism and, under the pressure of this party, is reluctant to evacuate the settlers. Defense Minister Moshe Dayan ordered their evacuation but agreed to relocate them to the nearest military base on the eastern outskirts of Hebron that would become the Kiryat Arba settlement. After a massive lobbying by Levinger, the settlement got silent support from Levi Eshkol and Yigal Allon, while being opposed by Abba Eban and Pinhas Sapir. After more than a year and a half, the government agreed to legitimize the settlements. The settlement was later expanded by Givat Ha'avot outpost, north of the Caves of the Patriarchs. Most of the Hebron-Kiryat Arba operations are planned and financed by the Movement for Greater Israel.
Beit Hadassah
Originally named the Hesed l'Avraham clinic, Beit Hadassah was built in 1893 with a donation of the Jewish Baghdadi family and is the only modern facility in Hebron. In 1909, his name was changed after the Zionist Women's Hadassah Organization of America took responsibility for medical staff and provided free medical care for all.
In 1979, a group of settlers led by Miriam Levinger moved to Dabouia, a former Hadassah Hospital in central Hebron, then under Arab administration. They turned it into a bridge for Jewish settlements in Hebron, and established the Hebron Jewish Community Committee near the Abraham Avinu Synagogue. The takeover created a severe conflict with Arab shop owners in the same area, who appealed twice to the Israeli Supreme Court, with no results. With this precedent, in February of the following year, the Government legitimized residency in the city of Hebron precisely. The pattern of settlement followed by the outbreak of hostilities with local Palestinians was repeated later in Tel Rumeida.
Beit Romano
Beit Romano was built and owned by Yisrael Avraham Romano of Constantinople and served Sephardi Jews from Turkey. In 1901, Yeshiva was founded there with a dozen teachers and up to 60 students.
In 1982, the Israeli government took over the Palestinian education office (Osama Ben Munqez School) and adjacent bus stations. The school turned into a settlement, and the bus station became a military base against the orders of the Israeli Supreme Court.
Tel Rumeida
In 1807, the immigrant Sephardic Rabbi Haim Yeshua Hamitzri (Egyptian Jewish Haim) bought 5 dunams in the suburbs and in 1811 he signed a lease contract for 99 years in 800 dunam of land, including 4 plots in Tel Rumeida. The plots were run by his descendants Haim Bajaio after the Jews left Hebron. The settlers' claims for this land are based on this precedent, but are dismissed by the rabbi's heir.
In 1984, the settlers set up a caravan post called there ( Ramat Yeshai ). In 1998, the Government recognized it as a settlement, and in 2001 the Minister of Defense approved the construction of the first housing units.
Avraham Avinu
The Abraham Avinu Synagogue is the physical and spiritual center of its environment and is considered one of the most beautiful synagogues in Palestine. It was the center of Jewish worship in Hebron until it was burned in 1929. In 1948 under Jordanian rule, the rest of the ruins were torn down.
Avr's Avinu Quarter was set up next to the Vegetable and Wholesale Market on Al-Shuhada Street in the south of the Old City. The vegetable market was closed by the Israeli military and several neighboring houses were occupied by settlers and soldiers. Settlers began to take control of closed Palestinian shops, despite an explicit order from the Israeli Supreme Court that settlers had to vacate these stores and Palestinians should be allowed to return.
More settlement activity
In 2012, the Israeli Defense Forces called for the immediate removal of new settlements, as it was seen as a provocation. The IDF has imposed settlers' demands on the raising of the Palestinian flag on Hebronite roofs adjacent to the settlements, although no rules prohibit such practices. In August 2016, Israel announced its intention to allow settlement construction at the Hamitim Plugat military complex in Hebron, which had been confiscated for military purposes in the 1990s.
Demographics
In 1820, it was reported that there were about 1,000 Jews in Hebron. In 1838, Hebron had about 1,500 Muslim taxable households, in addition to 41 Jewish taxpayers. Taxpayers are here from the male household head who owns even a small shop or a plot of land. 200 Jews and one Christian household are under 'European protection'. The total population is estimated at 10,000. In 1842, an estimated 400 Arabs and 120 Jewish families lived in Hebron, the latter having diminished in number after the destruction of 1834.
Urban development
Historically, the city consists of four heavily populated places: suq and Harat al-Masharqa close to the Ibrahimi mosque, the silk merchant area ( Haret Kheitun ) to the south and the Sheikh quarter ( Haret al-Sheikh ) to the north. It is believed that the basic city structure of the city was established by the Mamluk period, during which time it also had Jewish, Christian, and Kurdish settlements.
By the mid-19th century, Hebron was still divided into four parts, but the Christian quarter had vanished. Its parts include ancient regions around the Machpelah cave, the Haret Kheitun (the Jewish quarter, Haret el-Yahud), Haret el-Sheikh > and the Druze quarter. As the Hebron population gradually increases, people prefer to build upward rather than leave their environmental security. In the 1880s, better security provided by the Ottoman authorities allowed the city to expand and a new commercial center, Bab el-Zawiye , appeared. As developments continue, new, wider and wider new structures are built in the northwest. In 1918, the city consisted of a dense cluster of dwellings along the valley, rising to the slopes above it. In the 1920s, the city comprised seven-quarters of the
In 1971, with the help of the Israeli and Jordanian authorities, the University of Hebron, an Islamic university, was founded.
In an effort to improve the views of the Abrahamic Mosque, Jordan destroyed the entire block of ancient houses across the entrance, which also resulted in increased access to historical sites. The Jordanians also destroyed the old synagogue located in the el-Kazzazin area. In 1976, Israel rediscovered a site that had been converted into an animal enclosure, and in 1989, a settler's yard had been erected there.
Today, the area along the north-south axis to the east consists of the modern city of Hebron (also called Upper Hebron, Khalil Foq ). It was established near the end of the Ottoman period, its inhabitants are upper and middle Hebronit from there from the bustling old town, Balde al-Qadime (also called Lower Hebron,
The main city and government building is located in the city center. These areas include high-rise concrete and glass buildings as well as several different Ottoman-style one-bedroom homes, adorned with curved entrances, decorative motifs and ironworks. The household appliances and the Hebron textile market are located here along two parallel roads leading to the entrance of the old city. Much of this has been moved from the old commercial center of the city, known as the vegetable market (hesbe ), which was shut down by the Israeli military during the 1990s. The vegetable market is now located on the square of Bab el-Zawiye .
Shoe industry
From the 1970s to the early 1990s, a third of those living in the city worked in the shoe industry. According to owner of Tareq Abu Felat shoe factory, the number reached at least 35,000 people and there are more than 1,000 workshops around the city. Statistics from the Chamber of Commerce in Hebron place numbers on the 40,000 people employed in 1,200 shoe businesses. However, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 1994 Protocol on Economic Relations between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) made it possible to import Chinese goods in mass as the Palestinian National Authority, created after the Oslo Accords, did not regulate them. They then include import taxes but Abu Felat, who is also chairman of the Palestinian Skin Industry Federation, said more is still needed. The Palestinian Authority decided to impose an additional 35% tax on products from China starting April 2013.
90% of the shoes in Palestine are now estimated to come from China, which Palestinian industrial workers say has a much lower quality but is also much cheaper, and the Chinese are more aesthetically pleasing. Another factor contributing to the decline of local industry is Israel's restrictions on Palestinian exports.
Currently, there are less than 300 workshops in the shoe industry, which only work part-time, and they employ about 3,000-4,000 people. More than 50% of shoes are exported to Israel, where consumers have a better economy. Less than 25% enter the Palestinian market, with some going to Jordan, Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries.
Political status
Under the United Nations' Separation Plan for Palestine endorsed by the United Nations in 1947, Hebron was envisioned to be part of the Arab state. While Jewish leaders accepted the plan of division, the Arab leadership (Arab High Committee in Palestine and the Arab League) rejected it, opposed every partition. After the war of 1948, the city was occupied and then unilaterally annexed by the Jordanian kingdom in a movement supported by local Hebron officials. After the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied Hebron. In 1997, in accordance with the Hebron Treaty, Israel withdrew from 80 percent of Hebron submitted to the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian police will assume responsibility in Area H1 and Israel will remain in control in Area H2.
The power of unarmed international observers - Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) was then established to help normalize the situation and to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population in the city and the Jewish population living in their enclave in the old town.
Inter-communication violence
Hebron is a city exempted from a provisional agreement in September 1995 to restore power over all Palestinian West Bank cities to the Palestinian Authority. Since the Oslo Agreement, violent episodes have been repeated in the city. The Patriarch massacre cave occurred on February 25, 1994, when Baruch Goldstein, an Israeli doctor and resident of Kiryat Arba, shot at Muslims during prayer at the Ibrahimi Mosque, killing 29 people and injuring 125 before the survivors overcame and killed him.. The standing orders for the Israeli soldiers on duty in Hebron forbade them from firing at fellow Jews, even if they were firing on Arabs. The event was condemned by the Israeli Government, and the extreme right-wing Kach party was banned as a result. The Israeli government is also tightening restrictions on the movement of Palestinians in H2, closing their vegetable and meat markets, and banning Palestinian cars on Al-Shuhada Street. The park near the Caves of the Ancestors for recreation and barbecue is forbidden to Arab Hebronit.
During the period of the First Intifada and the Second Intifada, the Jewish community was subjected to attacks by Palestinian militants, especially during the period of the intifada; which saw 3 fatal stabs and 9 fatal shootings between the first and second Intifada (0.9% of all fatalities in Israel and the West Bank) and 17 fatal shootings (9 soldiers and 8 settlers) and 2 fatalities from the bombing during the second Intifada , and thousands of bullets fired from the hills above the neighborhoods of Abu-Sneina and Harat al-Sheikh. 12 Israeli soldiers were killed (commander of the Hebron Brigade Colonel Dror Weinberg and two other officers, 6 soldiers and 3 members of security unit Kiryat Arba) in the ambush. Two Temporary International Presences in Hebron Observers were killed by Palestinian gunmen in a shooting attack on the road to Hebron On March 27, 2001, a Palestinian sniper targeted and killed a Jewish baby Shalhevet Pass. The sniper was arrested in 2002.
In the 1980s Hebron, became the center of the Kach movement, a designated terrorist organization, whose first operations began there, and modeled for similar behavior in other settlements. Hebron is one of three West Bank cities from which the majority of suicide bombers originated. In May 2003, three students of the Polytechnic University of Hebron committed three separate suicide attacks. In August 2003, in what the two groups call retaliation, a 29-year-old preacher from Hebron, Raed Abdel-Hamed Mesk, violated a unilateral Palestinian truce by killing 23 people and wounding more than 130 people in a bus bombing in Jerusalem.
The Israeli organization B'Tselem states that there is a "grave breach" of Palestinian human rights in Hebron because of "the presence of settlers inside the city." The organization cites the usual incidents of "almost daily physical violence and property damage by settlers in the city", curfews and restrictions on movement "among the harshest in the Occupied Territories", and violence by Israeli and IDF border police against Palestinians who living in the H2 sector of the city. According to Human Rights Watch, the Palestinian territories in Hebron are often subjected to IDF's indiscriminate sacking, which has caused many casualties. A former IDF soldier, with experience in the policing of Hebron, has testified to break the silence, that on the wall the direction of his unit is a sign depicting the purpose of their mission hanged which reads: "To disrupt the routine of the inhabitants of the environment." The mayor of Hebron Mustafa Abdel Nabi invited the Christian Peacemaker Team to help local Palestinian communities defy what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, harassment abuse, destruction of homes and land seizures.
A violent episode occurred on May 2, 1980, when 6 yeshiva students died, on their way home from Sabbath prayer at the Tomb of the Patriarchs, in a grenade attack and firearms. This event provided great motivation for settlers near Hebron to join the Jewish Underground. On July 26, 1983, Israeli settlers attacked the Islamic University and shot three people dead and wounded more than thirty others.
The 1994 Shamgar Investigation Commission concluded that the Israeli government consistently failed to investigate or prosecute crimes committed by settlers against Palestinians. IDF commander Hebron Noam Tivon said that his main concern was to "ensure the safety of the settlers" and that "the Israeli army has acted with extreme restraint and did not initiate any shootings or violence."
Historical site
Hebron's Old City was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on July 7, 2017, but caused anger by Israeli officials when the World Heritage Committee declared it a World Heritage Site of Palestine, not Israel or Jewish.
The most famous historical site in Hebron is the Cave of the Ancestors. The structure of Herod's time is said to close the tombs of biblical and matriarchal ancestors. Isaac Hall now functions as Ibrahimi's mosque, while Abraham and Jacob Hall function as synagogues. Tombs of other biblical figures (Abner ben Ner, Otniel ben Kenaz, Ruth and Jesse) are also located in the city.
The Oak of Sibta (Oak of Abraham) is an ancient tree that, in non-Jewish tradition, is said to mark the place where Abraham founded his tent. The Russian Orthodox Church owns the site and the Holy Trinity Trinity Monastery near Abraham, ordained in 1925.
Hebron is one of the few cities that maintain its Mamluk architecture. Many structures were built during this period, especially the Sufi zawiya. The mosques of that era included the Sheikh Ali al-Bakka and Al-Jawali mosques. The Ottoman Synagogue Abraham Avinu early in the historic quarter of the Jewish quarter was built in 1540 and restored in 1738.
Religious traditions
Some of the Jewish traditions concerning Adam placed him in Hebron after the expulsion from Eden. The others have Cain killing Abel there. A third had Adam and Eve buried in Machpelah cave. The Judeo-Christian tradition states that Adam was formed from red clay in the desert of Damascus, near Hebron. During the Middle Ages, pilgrims and residents of Hebron will eat the red earth as a charm against adversity. Others reported that the land was harvested for export as valuable medicinal herbs in Egypt, Arabia, Ethiopia and India and that the earth was replenished after every dig. The legend also tells us that Noah planted his vineyard on Mount Hebron. In medieval Christian tradition, Hebron is one of three cities where Elizabeth lives. Thus it may be the birthplace of John the Baptist.
One Islamic tradition says that the Prophet descended in Hebron during his night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem, and the city's mosque was said to preserve one of his shoes. Another tradition holds that the prophet Muhammad arranged for Hebron and the surrounding villages to be part of Tamim al-Dari; this was carried out during the reign of Umar as Caliph. According to the arrangement, al-Dari and his descendants are only allowed to tax the people for their land and waqf of the Ibrahimi Mosque entrusted to them.
Twin, twin/twin cities
Hebron twins with:
- Derby , English
- Jajmau , India
See also
- Shabab Al-Khalil SC, city football team
- Palestinian Child Art Center
- List of burial places of biblical characters
- List of people from Hebron
- Oak of Mamre, a Christian holy site, historically near Hebron but now within the city, is different from Terebinth of Mamre
- Abraham Oak Holy Trin
Source of the article : Wikipedia
- Abraham Oak Holy Trin
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