Painting is the practice of applying paints, pigments, colors or other media to a solid surface (support base). This medium is usually applied to the base with a brush, but other tools, such as knives, sponges, and airbrush, can be used.
Painting is a mode of creative expression, and can be done in various forms. Drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), composition, narrative (as in the art of narrative), or abstraction (as in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, can serve to realize expressive and conceptual intentions of practitioners. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in still life or landscape painting), photography, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in symbolic arts), emotif (as in Expressionism), or political (as in Artivism).
Some of the history of painting in Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art. Examples of such paintings range from artwork depicting mythological figures of pottery, to scenes of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, to scenes from the life of Buddha or other images of Eastern religion.
In art, the term painting describes both the action and the outcome of the action. Support for painting includes surfaces such as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquers, pottery, leaves, copper and concrete, and the painting can incorporate some other materials including sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf,. The term painting is also used outside of art as a general trade among craftsmen and builders.
Video Painting
Elemen lukisan
Warna dan nada
Color and tone is the essence of painting as tone and rhythm is the essence of music. Color is very subjective, but it has psychological effects that can be observed, although this may vary from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white. Some painters, theorists, writers, and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory.
In addition, the use of language is simply an abstraction for the equivalent color. The word "red", for example, can include various variations of pure red visible light spectrum. There is no formal list of different colors in the way there is agreement on different notes in music, such as F or C ?. For a painter, colors are not only divided into primary colors (primers) and derivatives (complementary or mixed) (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.).
Painter deals practically with pigments, so "blue" for a painter can be one of blues: blue phthalocyanine, Prussian blue, indigo, Cobalt blue, navy blue, and so on. The psychological and symbolic meaning of color does not expressly mean painting. Color only adds to the potential, the meaning context is derived, and therefore, the perception of painting is very subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear - the sound in music (like the C tone) is analogous to the "light" in the painting, the "nuances" for dynamics, and "color" is to paint as a particular timbre of musical instruments is music. These elements do not always form melodies (in music) of themselves; on the contrary, they can add different contexts.
Non-traditional elements
Modern artists have expanded the practice of painting significantly to include, as an example, a collage, which begins with Cubism and does not paint in a narrow sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for texture. An example of this is the work of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer. There is an evolving artist community that uses computers to "color" colors onto digital "canvas" using programs like Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto a traditional canvas if needed.
Rhythm
Important rhythm in painting as in music. If one defines a rhythm as "pause put in sequence", then there can be a rhythm in the painting. These breaks allow the creative power to intervene and add new creations - shapes, melodies, colors. The distribution of forms, or any type of information is very important in the artwork given, and directly affects the aesthetic value of the work. This is because the aesthetic value depends on the function, ie the freedom (movement) perception is regarded as beauty. The flow of free energy, in art as well as in other forms of "techne", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.
Maps Painting
History
The oldest known painting is in Grotte Chauvet in France, which, according to some historians, is about 32,000 years old. They are carved and painted using red ocher and black pigments, and they show horses, rhinos, lions, buffalo, mammoths, abstract designs and what may be partial human figures. However, the earliest evidence of painting has been found in two stone shelters at Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material on this site, there are used ocher pieces that are estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also discovered a fragment of a preserved stone painting at a limestone shelter in the Kimberley region of North-West Australia, which dates back 40,000 years. There are examples of cave paintings around the world - in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia, Mexico, etc. In Western culture, oil paintings and watercolors have a rich and complex tradition in style and subject. In the East, color ink and ink have historically dominated the media choices, with an equally rich and complex tradition.
The discovery of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first photograph was produced in 1829, the process of photography increased and became more widely practiced, depriving paintings of many of its historic goals to provide accurate records of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - especially Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Dadaism-challenged the Renaissance view of the world. Eastern and African paintings, however, continue a long history of stylization and do not undergo equivalent transformation at the same time.
Modern and Contemporary Art has moved away from the historical value of craft and documentation that support the concept, which led some to say, in the 1960s, that painting as a serious art form has died. This does not prevent the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting as a whole or a part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century opposes the earlier "declaration" of its destruction. In an age characterized by the notion of pluralism, there is no consensus about the representative style of the time. Artists continue to make important artwork in a variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments - their rewards are left up to the public and the market for grading.
Aesthetics and theory
Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty; this is an important issue for the philosophers of the 18th and 19th centuries such as Kant and Hegel. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also theorize about art and painting in particular. Plato ignores the painter (also the sculptor) in his philosophical system; he argues that painting can not describe the truth - it is a copy of reality (the shadow of the idea world) and is nothing but a craft, akin to making shoes or casting iron. In Leonardo's day, painting has become a closer representation of the truth than painting in Ancient Greece. Leonardo da Vinci, on the other hand, says that "Italian: span lang =" it "> La Pittura ÃÆ'¨ cosa mentale " ("English: painting is something of the mind "). Kant differentiates between Beauty and the Sublime, in terms of clearly giving priority to the first. Although he does not refer to paintings in particular, this concept is taken by painters such as J.M.W. Turner and Caspar David Friedrich.
Hegel acknowledges the failure to attain the concept of universal beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, writes that painting is one of three "romantic" arts, along with Poetry and Music, for its very intellectual symbolic purpose. The painter who has written theoretical works on paintings includes Kandinsky and Paul Klee. In his essay, Kandinsky argues that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches primary colors to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe and other writers have tried to do.
Iconography is the study of the contents of paintings, not their style. Erwin Panofsky and other art historians first sought to understand the things they described, before seeing their meaning for the audience at the time, and finally analyzing their broader cultural, religious and social significance.
In 1890, Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously stated: "Remember that a painting - before becoming a war horse, a naked woman or some story or other - is basically a flat surface covered with colors that are assembled in sequence certain." Thus, much of the twentieth-century developments in painting, such as Cubism, are a reflection on the meaning of painting rather than on the nature of the outside world, which was previously its core subject. The latest contribution to thinking about painting has been offered by painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book What is Painting? , Bell discusses progress, through history, about the idea that painting can express feelings and ideas. In Mirror of The World, Bell writes:
The work works strives to impress you and keep it fixed: the history of art urges it further, sweeping the highway through the houses of imagination.
Paint media
Different types of paint are usually identified by mediums whose pigments are suspended or implanted, which determine the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying time, etc.
Oil
Oil painting is a painting process with pigments bound to an oil-drying medium, such as linseed oil, which is widely used in early modern Europe. Often oil is boiled with resin like pine resin or even incense; this is called 'varnish' and is appreciated for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the main medium used to create artwork because its benefits became widely known. The transition began with Early Netherlandish paintings in Northern Europe, and at the peak of Renaissance oil painting techniques almost completely replaced the tempera of paint in most of Europe.
Pastel
Pastel is a medium of painting in the form of a stick, which consists of pure pigment powder and binder. Pigments used in pastels similar to those used to produce all colored art media, including oil paints; the binder is a neutral color and low saturation. Pastel color effect is closer to natural dry pigment than any other process. Because pastel painting surfaces are fragile and easily fade, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it can also be sprayed with fixative. Nevertheless, when made with permanent pigment and properly cared for, pastel painting can last for centuries. Pastels are not vulnerable, as are paintings made with a liquid medium, to cracks and color changes resulting from discoloration, opacity, or medium dimension when it dries.
Acrylic
Acrylic paints are fast drying pigments containing suspension pigments in an acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become impermeable when dry. Depending on how much paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gel, medium, or paste, the finished acrylic paint can resemble a watercolor or oil painting, or has its own unique characteristics that can not be achieved with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylic and oil paint is the inherent drying time. Oil allows more time to blend colors and apply the glaze to the bottom of the painting. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for a particular technique, but it can also hinder the artist's ability to work quickly.
Watercolors
Watercolors are a method of painting in which paints are made of suspended pigments in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor painting is paper; Other supports include papyrus, bark paper, plastics, vellum or leather, fabrics, wood and canvas. In East Asia, watercolor with ink is referred to as painting brush or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese paintings have become the dominant medium, often in black or brown monochrome. India, Ethiopia, and other countries also have a long tradition. Fingerprints with watercolor paint originated from China. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) can be used either wet or dry.
Ink
Ink painting is done with a liquid containing pigments and/or dyes and is used to color the surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used to draw with a pen, brush, or quill. Ink can be a complex medium, which consists of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solvents, surfactants, particles, fluorescers, and other materials. Ink components serve many purposes; ink carriers, dyes, and other additives control the flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry.
Hot or encaustic wax
The encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves the use of heated bee wax where colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to the surface - usually wood is prepared, although canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest of the CRAs can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are some other recipes that can be used - some containing other types of candles, resin resin, linseed oil, or other ingredients. Pure powder pigments can be purchased and used, although some mixtures use oil paint or other pigment shapes. Special metal tools and brushes can be used to paint before cooling, or a heated metal appliance can be used to manipulate wax after cooling to the surface. Other materials may be enclosed or mounted to the surface, or laminated, using encaustic media to attach them to the surface.
This technique is normal for painting of ancient Greek and Roman panels, and remains used in the tradition of Eastern Orthodox icons.
Fresco
Fresco is one of several mural types of related paintings, performed on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [af'fres: ko] , derived from the Latin word for fresh . Wall paintings are often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigments mixed with water on a wet thin layer, fresh lime mortar or plaster, the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used. Paintings of Secco , in contrast, are done on dry (dry secco dry crispy ( secco in Italian). Pigments require a fastening medium, such as eggs (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall.
Gouache
Gouache is a water-based paint consisting of pigments and other materials designed for use in opaque painting methods. Gouache is different from watercolors in larger particles, the ratio of pigments to water is much higher, and additional, inert, white pigments such as lime are also present. This makes the guas thicker and more opaque, with a greater reflection quality. Like all watermedia, it is diluted with water.
Enamel
Enamel is made by painting a substrate, usually metal, with a glass powder; minerals called color oxides provide color. After firing at a temperature of 750-850 degrees Celsius (1380-1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a melting of glass and a fused metal. Unlike most painting techniques, surfaces can be handled and wetted. Enamel has traditionally been used for the decoration of precious objects, but has also been used for other purposes. Limoges enamel is the leading center of Renaissance enamel paintings, with its small religious and mythological scenes surrounded by decorations, on plaques or objects such as salt or coffins. In the 18th century, enamel painting was enjoyed in Europe, especially as a medium for miniature portraits. At the end of the 20th century, porcelain enamel techniques on metal have been used as a durable medium for outdoor mural.
Cat spray
Aerosol paint (also called spray paint) is a type of paint that comes in a pressurized container sealed and released in a fine spray mist when pressing the valve button. A form of spray painting, aerosol paint leaves a smooth and even surface. Portable standard tin sizes, cheap and easy to store. Primer aerosols can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics.
Speed, portability, and permanence also make aerosol paint a common graffiti medium. In the late 1970s, the signatures and paintings of street graffiti writers became more complicated and unique styles were developed as a medium of aerosol factor and the speed required for forbidden work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically produce aerosol paints made for graffiti artists. Stencils protect the surface, except for special shapes to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as mobile mails, ordered as logos that are cut professionally or hand-cut by the artist.
Tempera
Tempera, also known as tempera eggs, is a medium of permanent, fast-drying painting composed of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble fastening medium (usually a sticky material such as egg yolk or other size). Tempera also refers to painting done in this media. Tempera paintings are very durable, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. The tempera egg is the main method of painting until after 1500 when it was replaced by the invention of oil painting. A paint commonly called tempera (though not) consisting of pigments and glue sizes is commonly used and is called by some American producers as poster paints.
Disposable oil paint
Water-soluble oil paints (also called "water-soluble" or "water mixtures") are a type of modern oil paint that is engineered to be thinned and cleaned with water, rather than using chemicals such as turpentine. These can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paints, but while still wet can be effectively removed from brushes, pallets, and fabrics with plain soap and water. The solubility of the water comes from the use of an oil medium where one end of the molecule has been altered to loosely bind to a water molecule, as in solution.
Digital painting
Digital painting is a method of creating objects of art (painting) digitally and/or techniques for making digital art on computers. As a method for creating art objects, he customized traditional painting media such as acrylic paints, oils, inks, watercolors, etc. And apply pigments to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas fabric, paper, polyester etc. By using computer software driving robot or industrial office machine (printer). As a technique, this refers to computer graphics software programs that use virtual canvas and virtual painting boxes of brushes, colors and other fixtures. The virtual box contains many instruments that are not outside the computer, and that gives digital artwork a different look and feel from artwork created in the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not an art produced by computers because computers do not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, artists use their own painting techniques to create certain works on a computer.
Style painting
The Style is used in two senses: It can refer to different visual elements, techniques, and methods that symbolize the work of an individual artist . It can also refer to movements or schools associated with the artist. It can come from an actual group that consciously involves an artist or can be a category in which art historians place painters. The word 'style' in the latter sense has failed in an academic discussion of contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in a popular context. Such movements or classifications include the following:
Western
modernism
Modernism describes both a set of cultural trends and a series of related cultural movements, initially arising from large-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Modernism is an uprising against conservative values ​​of realism. This term includes the activities and outcomes of those who perceive traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and everyday life, become obsolete in the new economic, social and political conditions of a fully developed world. The outstanding characteristic of modernism is self-awareness. This often leads to experiments with forms, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and further trends of abstraction).
Impressionism
The first example of modernism in painting is impressionism, a school of painting originally focused on the work done, not in the studio, but outside ( en plein air ). Impressionist paintings show that humans do not see objects, but instead see the light itself. Schools gather followers despite internal divisions among leading practitioners, and become increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial exhibition of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon, Impressionist held annual group exhibitions in commercial premises during the 1870s and 1880s, when they coincided with the official Salon. The important event of 1863 was the Salon des RefusÃÆ' Â © s, made by Emperor Napoleon III to showcase all the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon.
Abstract style
Abstract painting uses visual language in the form of shapes, colors and lines to create compositions that may exist with the degree of independence of the visual reference in the world. Abstract Expressionism is a post-World War II American art movement that combines the emotional intensity and self-rejection of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetics of the European abstract schools - such as Futurism, Bauhaus and Cubism, and the image of being rebellious, anarchist, highly idiosyncratic and, , nihilistic.
Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction , is a painting style in which paints spontaneously flowed, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than applied cautiously. The work produced often emphasizes the physical act of painting himself as an important aspect of the finished work or the attention of his artist. This style was widespread from the 1940s to the early 1960s, and is closely related to abstract expressionism (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably).
Other modernist styles include:
- Color Field
- Lyrics Abstraction
- Hard-edge painting
- Pop art
Outside art
The term outer art was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for the brutal art ( French: Ã, [a? b? yt] , "raw art" or "crude art"), a label made by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside official cultural boundaries; Dubuffet focuses primarily on art by mad-asilum prisoners. Art outside art has emerged as a successful category of art marketing (Outsider Annual Art Exhibition has been in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misused as a marketing label for all art created by people outside of the mainstream "art world," regardless of the circumstances or content of their work. Photorealism
Photorealism is a genre of painting based on the use of cameras and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that looks very realistic like a photograph. The term is primarily applied to paintings of the American art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop Art and as a counter to Abstract Expressionism.
Hyperrealism is a genre of paintings and sculptures that resemble high-resolution photos. Hyperrealism is a fully mature art school and can be regarded as the progress of Photorealism with the methods used to create paintings or sculptures produced. The term is mainly applied to independent art movements and art styles in the United States and Europe that have evolved since the early 2000s.
Surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for visual artwork and the writings of group members. Surreal artwork displays surprise elements, unexpected juxtaposition and non sequitur; However, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the first and foremost philosophical movements, with works being artefacts. Leader Andrà © Breton explicitly stated in his statement that Surrealism is above all revolutionary movements.
Surrealism evolved from the activities of the World War I Chest and the most important center of movement was Paris. From 1920 onward, this movement spread throughout the world, eventually influencing visual arts, literature, films and music from many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy and social theory.
Far East
- China
- Tang Dynasty
- Ming Dynasty
- Shan shui
- Ink and wash paintings
- Hua niao
- Southern School
- Zhe School
- Wu School
- Contemporary
- Japan
- Yamato-e
- School of Ruin
- Emakimono
- Kan? school
- Shij? school
- Superflat
- Korean
Islam
- Persian Miniature
- Mughal miniature
- Ottoman Miniatures
Indian
- Oriya school
- Bengal School
- Kangra
- Madhubani
- Mysore
- Rajput
- Mughal
- Samikshavad
- Tanjore
- Warli
- Kerala paintings kerala
Africa
- Tingatinga
Contemporary art
Drawing type
Allegory
Alegory is a figurative representation mode that conveys meaning other than literal. Alegori communicates its message by using symbolic numbers, actions or symbolic representations. Alegory is generally treated as a rhetorical figure, but allegory should not be expressed in language: it may be directed to the eye, and is often found in realistic paintings. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the angel of death. Viewers understand that the image of the angel of death is a symbolic representation of death.
BodegÃÆ'³n
In Spanish art, bodegÃÆ'³n is a life painting depicting pantry items, such as triumphs, games, and drinks, often arranged on simple stone plates, as well as paintings with one or more figures, but elements of life that are still important, in the kitchen or tavern. Beginning in the Baroque period, the paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting seems to have begun and is much more popular in contemporary Low Countries, now Belgium and the Netherlands (later Flemish and Dutch artists), than ever in southern Europe. Still northern living has many subgenres: the breakfast section added by trompe-l'oeil , bouquet of flowers , and vanitas . In Spain there are fewer subscribers to this sort of thing, but the kind of breakfast cuts are popular, featuring some food and cutlery objects placed on the table.
Picture paint
A painting figure is a work of art in one of the media paintings with the main subject is the human figure, whether dressed or naked. The painting image can also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the subjects of art contrast since the first stone age cave paintings, and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history. Some of the famous artists with painting figures are Peter Paul Rubens, Edgar Degas, and ÃÆ' â € ° douard Manet.
Illustration of painting
Illustrated paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theaters or movie posters and comic books. Today, there is an interest to collect and admire original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to illustrators in the past. In the art world, illustrators are sometimes considered less important than artists and graphic designers. But as a result of computer games and the growth of the comic industry, illustrations are being rewarded as popular and profitable artworks that can gain a wider market than the other two, especially in Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States.
Scene painting
The landscape painting is a term that encompasses portrayals of landscapes such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a broad view, with elements arranged into coherent compositions. In other works, the landscape background for numbers can remain an important part of the job. The sky is almost always included in the view, and the weather is often a composition element. Detailed landscapes as distinct subjects are not found in all artistic traditions, and develop when there is a sophisticated tradition to represent other subjects. Two major traditions arise from Western painting and Chinese art, which return more than a thousand years in both cases.
Portrait painting
Portrait painting is a representation of a person, where his face and expression are dominant. The goal is to display the person's likeness, personality, and even mood. The art of portraiture developed in Ancient Greece and especially Roman statues, where caregivers demanded individual and realistic portraits, even unattractive ones. One of the most famous portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci's painting titled Mona Lisa, which is considered a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, Francesco del Giocondo's wife.
Still alive
Silent life is a work of art depicting the most inanimate subject matter, usually ordinary things - which can be natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.). With its origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient/Roman Greek art, life paintings still give artists more leeway in the arrangement of design elements in a composition than painting other types of subjects such as landscapes or portraits. The surviving paintings, especially before 1700, often contain religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects described. Some modern silent life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and uses three-dimensional mix media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, and video and sound.
Veduta
Veduta is a very detailed city painting, usually large-scale or some other vista. This landscape genre originated in Flanders, where artists such as Paul Bril painted the Vedute as early as the 16th century. As the Grand Tour itinerary becomes somewhat standardized, the vedute of familiar scenes such as the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal pull back early attempts to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. At the end of the nineteenth century, the more personal impressions of the city's sights replaced the desire for topographic accuracy, which was more satisfying than the painted panorama.
See also
- Western painting of the 20th century
- Cobweb Painting
- Graphic art
- Painting outsourcing in China
- Index of related articles of painting
- Outline of painting
- List of the most expensive paintings
Note
Further reading
- Daniel, H. (1971). The Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting; Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical . New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.
- W. Stanley Jr. Taft, James W. Mayer, Painting , First Edition, Springer, 2000.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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