An insect repellent (also commonly called "insect spray ") is a substance applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces that inhibit insects (and common arthropods) from landing or climbing on that surface. Insect repellents help prevent and control outbreaks of insect-borne diseases (and other arthropod-bourne diseases) such as malaria, Lyme disease, dengue fever, plague, river blindness and West Nile fever. Animal pests generally serve as vector diseases including insects such as lice, flies, and mosquitoes; and arachnid bends.
Some insect repellents are insecticides (killer insects), but most only make insects reluctant and send them flying or crawling away. Almost all may kill with large doses without reprieve, but the classification as an insecticide implies death even at lower doses.
Video Insect repellent
Common insect repellent
Common synthetic insect repellent
- Methyl anthranilat and other anthranilate insect repellents
- Benzaldehyde, for bees
- DEET ( N , N -diethyl- m -toluamide)
- Dimethyl carbide
- Dimethyl phthalates, uncommon as before, but are sometimes still active ingredients in commercial insect repellents
- Ethylhexanediol, also known as Rutgers 612 or "6-12 repellent," was discontinued in the US in 1991 as evidence led to a developmental disability in animals
- Icaridin, also known as picaridin, Bayrepel, and KBR 3023
- Indalone. Widely used in a mixture of "6-2-2" (60% Dimethyl phthalate, 20% Indalone, 20% Ethylhexanediol) during the 1940s and 1950s before the introduction of commercial DEET
- IR3535 (3- [N-Butyl-N-acetyl] -aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester)
- Metofluthrin
- Permethrin differs as it is actually a contact insect
- The recently pushed reporter is SS220, which has been shown to provide far better protection than DEET
- Tricyclodecenyl allyl ether, a compound that is often found in synthetic fragrances
Normal natural insect repellent
- Beautyberry (Callicarpa) goes
- The bark of a birch tree is traditionally made into tar. Combined with other oils (eg, fish oils) with a dilution of 1/2, then applied to the skin to repel the mosquitoes
- Bog Myrtle (Myrica Gale)
- The catnip oil whose active compound is Nepetalactone
- Serai oil
- Essential oils of lemon eucalyptus ( Corymbia citriodora ) and their active compound p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD)
- Nimba oil
- Serai
- Tea tree oil from leaves Melaleuca alternifolia
- Tobacco
Maps Insect repellent
Dispute effectiveness
Synthetic repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than "natural" repellent.
For protection against mosquito bites, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend DEET, picaridin (icaridin, KBR 3023), eucalyptus lemon oil (para-menthane-diol or PMD), IR3535 and 2-undecanone with higher warning percentages of ingredients active provides longer protection.
In 2015, Researchers at New Mexico State University tested 10 commercially available products for their effectiveness in repelling mosquitoes. In the Aedes aegypti mosquito , the Zika virus vector, only one repellent containing no DEET has a strong effect over a 240 minute test duration: a lemon eucalyptus oil repellent. All mosquito repellent containing DEET is active.
In one comparative study from 2004, IR3535 was as effective or better than DEET in the protection of the Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes . Other sources (the official publication of German physicians associations and German drug experts say otherwise and declare DEET is still the most efficient substance available and the substance of choice to remain in malaria, while IR3535 has little effect.However, some plant-based repellents can provide effective help as well. Essential oils can be short-lived in their effectiveness, because essential oils can evaporate completely.
Testing of various insect repellents by an independent consumer organization found that repellents containing DEET or picaridin were more effective than repellents with "natural" active ingredients. All synthetics provide nearly 100% repellency for the first 2 hours, in which natural repellents are most effective for the first 30 to 60 minutes, and require reapplication to be effective for several hours.
Permethrin is recommended as a protection against mosquitoes for clothing, teeth, or mosquito nets. In a previous report, the CDC found that lemon eucalyptus oil was more effective than other plant-based treatments, with similar effectiveness with low DEET concentrations. However, a study published in 2006 found in both cage and field studies that products containing 40% of lemon eucalyptus oil were as effective as products containing high DEET concentrations. The study also found that neem oil is mosquito repellent up to 12 hours. The antidote for lemon grass has also been verified by research, including the effectiveness of rejecting Aedes aegypti, but requires re-application after 30 to 60 minutes.
There are also products available based on the production of sound, especially ultrasound (sound high-frequency not inaudible) intended as an insect repellent. However, this electronic device proved ineffective based on research conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and many universities.
Security repellent
Regarding safety with the use of mosquito repellent in children and pregnant women:
- Children may be at greater risk to react badly to repellent, in part, because their exposure may be greater.
- Keep repellent out of reach of children.
- Do not allow children to apply repellent for themselves.
- Use only a few repellent in children.
- Do not apply the repellent to a child's hand as this may lead to unintentional eye contact or consumption.
- Try to reduce the use of repellents by dressing up children with long sleeves and trousers tucked into boots or socks whenever possible. Use nets on baby strollers, playpens, etc.
- As with general chemicals exposure, pregnant women should be careful to avoid exposure to repellent when practicable, since the fetus may be vulnerable.
Some experts also advise not to use chemicals such as DEET and sunscreen simultaneously because it will increase the penetration of DEET. Canadian researcher Xiaochen Gu, a professor at the University of Manitoba Pharmaceutical Faculty who led the research on mosquitoes, suggested that DEET should be applied 30 minutes or more later. Gu also recommends insect repellent sprays rather than lotions that are rubbed onto the skin "forcing molecules into the skin".
Regardless of the repellent product used, it is advisable to read the label before use and follow the instructions carefully. Instruction instructions for repellents vary from country to country. Some insect repellents are not recommended for use in younger children.
In Decision Deleted Deletion Deletation (RED), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported 14 to 46 possible cases of DEET-related seizures, including 4 deaths. The EPA states: "... it appears that some cases may be related to DEET toxicity," but observed that with 30% of US population using DEET, the probability of seizure rate is only about one per 100 million users.
The Pesticide Information Project from the Cornell Cooperative Extension Office states that, "Everglades National Park employees with extensive DEET exposure are more likely to experience insomnia, mood disorders, and cognitive dysfunction than lower-exposed co-workers."
The EPA states that citronella oil shows little or no toxicity and has been used as a topical insect repellent for 60 years. However, the EPA also states that citronella can irritate the skin and cause dermatitis in certain individuals. Canadian regulatory authorities concerned with citronella-based rakes are based primarily on data gaps in toxicology, not on incidents.
Within the EU countries, the implementation of Regulation 98/8/EC, commonly referred to as the Biocidal Product Guidelines, has severely limited the number and type of insect repellent available to European consumers. Only a small number of active ingredients have been supported by manufacturers in sending files to the EU Authority.
In general, only formulations containing DEET, icaridin (sold under the trade name Saltidin and formerly known as Bayrepel or KBR3023), IR3535 (3- [N-Butyl-N-acetyl] -aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester) and Citriodiol (p- menthane-3,8-diol) is available. Most "natural" repellent insects such as citronella, neem oil, and herbal extracts are no longer allowed to sell as insect repellents in the EU; this does not prevent them from being sold for other purposes, as long as the label does not indicate they are biocides (mosquito repellent).
Insect repellent from natural sources
There are many preparations from natural sources that are used as insect repellents. Some of these act as insecticides while others are just repellent.
- Achillea alpina (mosquito)
- alpha-terpinene (mosquitoes)
- Basil
- Sweet Basil ( Ocimum basilicum )
- Callicarpa americana (Beautyberry)
- Breadfruit (Insect repellent, including mosquitoes)
- Kamper (moths)
- Carvacrol (mosquito)
- Castor oil ( Ricinus communis ) (mosquito)
- Catnip oil ( Nepeta species) (nepetalactone against mosquitoes)
- Cedar Oil (mosquitoes, moths)
- Celery extract ( Apium graveolens ) (mosquitoes) In clinical trials, celery extract is shown to be at least as effective as DEET 25%, although commercial availability of such extracts is unknown..
- Cinnamon (leaf oil kills mosquito larvae)
- Lemongrass oil (repels mosquitos)
- Clove oil (mosquitoes)
- Eucalyptus oil (70% eucalyptol), (cineol is a synonym), mosquitoes, flies, dust mites)
- Fennel oil ( Foeniculum vulgare ) (mosquito)
- Garlic ( Allium sativum ) (Mosquito, rice cob, wheat flour beetle)
- Geranium oil (also known as Pelargonium graveolens )
- Lavender (not effective, but measurable effect in certain mixer mix)
- The essential oil of lemon eucalyptus ( Corymbia citriodora ) and its active ingredient p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD)
- Lemon Grass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus Lemon Grass Lemon Grass ( Cymbopogon species) (ultrasound)
Less effective method
Some older studies suggest that large doses of thiamine consumption can be effective as an oral mosquito repellent against mosquito bites. However, there is now convincing evidence that thiamine has no efficacy against mosquito bites. Some claim that plants such as wormwood or sagewort, lemon balm, lemongrass, lemon thyme and mosquito plants (Pelargonium) will act against mosquitoes. However, scientists have determined that the plant is "effective" for a limited time only when its leaves are destroyed and applied directly to the skin.
There are several widespread and unproven theories about mosquito control, such as the assertion that vitamin B, especially B 1 (thiamine), garlic, ultrasonic or incense devices can be used to repel or control mosquitoes. In addition, ultrasonic device manufacturers "repellent mosquitoes" have been found fraudulently, and their devices are considered "useless" according to a review of scientific studies.
See also
- Flying spray (insecticide)
- Kite Mosquito Patch
- Mosquito repellent
- Mosquito nets
- Pest control
- Insect Repellent RID
- Slug tape
- VUAA1
References
External links
- [1] Aphid Refusal
- Selecting and Using Insect Resistant - National Pesticide Information Center
- Alan Wood. "Insect repellent". Compendium of General Names of Pesticides .
- Jeanie Lerche Davis (2003). "Best Insect Repellent for Mosquitoes: Experts on Product Level Bugs to Keep the West Nile Virus in the Gulf". WebMD.
- "CDC Adopting New Replacement Guidelines" (Press Release). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 28, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-04-30.
- Department of Health, State of New York. "Health Advisor: Fleas and Insect Repellent".
- Plant parts with the Insect Destructive Activity of Dr. Duke's Chemical Borneol (Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases)
- Mosquito repellent; Florida U
- The insect repellent active ingredient recommended by CDC
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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