Pesticide Applications refers to the practical means in which pesticides, (including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, or nematode control agents) are sent to their biological targets ( eg > pest organisms, plants or other plants). Public concerns about the use of pesticides have highlighted the need to make this process as efficient as possible, to minimize their release to the environment and human exposure (including operators, observers and product consumers). The practice of pest management by the application of rational pesticides is highly multidisciplinary, combining many aspects of biology and chemistry with: agronomy, engineering, meteorology, socio-economic and public health, along with new disciplines such as biotechnology and information science.
Video Pesticide application
Seed treatment
Seed treatment can achieve very high efficiency, in terms of effective dose transfer to the plant. Pesticides are applied to seeds prior to planting, in the form of seed treatment, or coatings, to protect against the risks to which soils are borne on the plant; In addition, these coatings can provide additional chemicals and nutrients designed to promote growth. A typical seed coat can include a layer of nutrients - containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, a rhizobial layer - containing symbiotic bacteria and other beneficial microorganisms, and a layer of fungicides (or other chemicals) to make the seeds less susceptible to pests.
Maps Pesticide application
Spray application
One of the most common forms of pesticide applications, especially in conventional farming, is the use of mechanical sprayers. Hydraulic sprayers consist of tanks, pumps, spears (for single nozzles) or booms, and nozzles (or double nozzles). Sprinklers convert pesticide formulations, often containing water mixtures (or other liquid chemical carriers, such as fertilizers) and chemicals, into droplets, which can be either large raindrops or small particles that are barely visible. This conversion is done by forcing the spray mixture through the nozzle under pressure. The droplet size can be changed through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by changing the pressure at which it is forced, or a combination of both. Big droplets have the advantage of being less susceptible to spray drift, but requiring more water per unit of covered land. Because of static electricity, small droplets can maximize contact with the target organism, but wind conditions are indispensable.
Spraying pre-and post-emergence crops
Pesticides of traditional agricultural crops can be applied pre-emergence or post-emergence, a term that refers to the status of plant germination. The application of pre-emerging pesticides, in conventional farming, tries to reduce competitive pressure on newly germinated plants by removing undesirable organisms and maximizing the amount of water, soil nutrition, and sunlight available to plants. Examples of pre-emergent pesticide applications are atrazine applications for maize. Similarly, glyphosate mixtures are often applied pre-appearing in agricultural fields to remove early germinning weeds and prepare for subsequent crops. Pre-emergent apparatus equipment often has large and wide tires designed to float on soft ground, minimizing soil compaction and damaging planted (but not yet emerging) crops. A three-wheeled app engine, as illustrated on the right, is designed to keep the tires from following the same path, minimizing the creation of ruts on the ground and limiting sub-soil damage.
Post-emerging pesticide applications require the use of selected chemicals selected to minimize harm to the desired target organism. An example is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which will injure broad-leaved weeds (dikotil) but leave grass (monocot). Such chemicals have been widely used in wheat crops, for example. A number of companies have also created genetically engineered organisms that are resistant to various pesticides. Examples include glyphosate-resistant soybeans and Bt corn, which change the type of formulation involved in overcoming post-emerging pesticide pressure. It is also important to note that even given the right chemical choices, high ambient temperatures or other environmental influences, may allow targeted, targeted organisms to be damaged during application. Because the plants have germinated, post-emergency pesticide applications require limited field contact to minimize losses from crop and soil damage. Typical industrial application equipment will use very high and narrow tires and combine them with a body sprayer that can be raised and lowered depending on plant height. These sprayers usually carry the label 'high permit' as they can rise above the growing plant, although usually no more than 1 or 2 meters. In addition, these sprays often have a very wide boom to minimize the amount of feed needed on the field, again designed to limit crop damage and maximize efficiency. In industrial agriculture, a 120-foot (40-meter) boom spray is not uncommon, especially in grassland farms with large, flat fields. In this regard, the application of air pesticides is a method of dressing up pesticides for emerging plants that remove physical contact with soil and plants.
Air Blast Sprayers, also known as air distillers or mist sprayers, are often used for tall plants, such as tree fruits, where boom sprayers and air applications will not be effective. This type of spray can only be used if overspray - spray spraying - is less of a concern either through the choice of chemicals that have no undesirable effects on other desired organisms, or with adequate buffer spacing. It can be used for insects, weeds, and other pests for plants, humans, and animals. The air spray sprayers inject fluid into a rapidly moving air stream, breaking large droplets into smaller particles by introducing small amounts of fluid into the rapidly moving air currents.
Foggers fulfill the same role as mist sprayers in producing particles of very small size, but using different methods. Whereas mist sprayers create high-speed air flow that can travel significant distances, foggers use pistons or bellows to create stagnant areas of pesticides that are often used for enclosed areas, such as houses and animal shelters.
Spray inefficiency
To better understand the causes of spray inefficiency, it is important to reflect on the implications of the large number of droplet sizes produced by typical spray nozzles (hydraulics). It has long been recognized as one of the most important concepts in spray applications ( for example .HTel, 1969), bringing great variations in droplet properties.
Historically, the transfer of doses to biological targets ( ie pests) has proven to be inefficient. However, connecting "ideal" sediments with biological effects is full of difficulties), but despite Hislop's hint of detail, there have been several demonstrations that large amounts of pesticides are wasted from crops and to soil, in a process called endo-drift. This is a less familiar form of pesticide spraying, with the drift of currents causing greater public attention. Pesticides are conventionally applied by using a hydraulic atomisator, either on a hand sprayer or a boom tractor, in which the formulation is mixed into a high volume of water.
Different droplet sizes have dramatically different dispersal characteristics, and are subject to complex macro and micro interactions (Bache & Johnstone, 1992). Greatly simplifying this interaction in terms of droplet size and wind speed, Craymer & amp; Boyle concluded that there are basically three sets of conditions in which the droplets move from the nozzle to the target. This is where:
- sedimentation dominates: usually larger droplets (& gt; 100Ã,Âμm) applied at low wind speeds; droplets over this size are suitable to minimize drift contamination by herbicides. Turbulent eddies dominate: usually small droplets (& lt; 50Ã,Âμm) that are usually considered most appropriate for targeting flying insects, unless there is an electrostatic charge as well that provides the power required to pull droplets into the leaves. (NB: last effect only operates at very short distances, usually below 10 mm.)
- medium conditions in which both sedimentation and drift effects are important. Most agricultural insecticides and fungicide spraying are optimized by using relatively small droplets (say 50-150 μm) to maximize "coverage" (droplets per unit area), but also subject to drift.
Herbicide Volterization
Volatilization herbicide refers to volatile evaporation or sublimation of volatile herbicides. The chemical effects of the gas are lost in the intended place of application and can move against the wind direction and affect other plants that are not intended to be affected causing crop damage. Herbicides vary in their susceptibility to volatilization. The immediate incorporation of herbicides into the soil may reduce or prevent volatilization. Wind, temperature, and humidity also affect the degree of volatilization by reducing the humidity at. 2,4-D and dicamba are commonly used chemicals that are known to experience volatility but there are many others. The application of herbicides the following season to protect herbicide resistant genetics increases the risk of volatility due to higher temperatures and incorporation into the ground impractical.
Improved targeting
In the 1970s and 1980s, better application technology such as controlled droplet applications (CDA) received widespread research interest, but commercial uptake has been disappointing. By controlling the size of the droplet, ultra-low volume (ULV) or very low volume application pesticide mix level (VLV) can achieve the same (or sometimes better) biological results by increasing the time and transfer of doses to biological targets > ie pests). No sprayer has been developed which can produce uniform droplets (monodisperse), but rotary (spinning disc and cage) atomizers usually produce a more uniform droplet size spectrum than conventional hydraulic nozzles (see CDA & amp; ULV apparatus). Other efficient application techniques include: appeal, feeding, specific granule placement, seed treatment and weed sensitization.
CDA is a good example of the use of rational pesticide (RPU) technology (Bateman, 2003), but unfortunately has been out of date with public funding agencies since the early 1990s, with many believing that all pesticide development should be the responsibility of pesticide producers. On the other hand, pesticide companies are unlikely to broadly promote better targeting and thereby reduce pesticide sales unless they can benefit by adding value to the product in other ways. RPU contrasts strongly with the promotion of pesticides, and many agrochemical problems, alike becoming aware that stewardship provides better long-term benefits than the high-pressure sales of a growing number of "silver bullet" molecules. Therefore, the RPU can provide an appropriate framework for collaboration amongst many stakeholders in crop protection.
Understanding the biology and life cycle of pests is also an important factor in determining the droplet size. The Agricultural Research Service, for example, has conducted tests to determine the ideal droplet size of pesticides used to combat the earworms of maize. They found that to be effective, pesticides need to penetrate through the corn sutras, where the earworm larvae hatch. The study concluded that larger pesticide droplets best penetrate the targeted corn silk. Knowing where pest destruction comes is important in targeting the amount of pesticide needed.
Equipment Quality and Assessment
Ensuring the quality of sprayers with testing and setting standards for application equipment is important to ensure users get value for money. Since most equipment uses a variety of hydraulic nozzles, various initiatives have sought to classify spray qualities, starting with the BCPC system.
Other app methods
- Granule app tools
- Dust app
Air apps
View: air spraying, ultra-low volume spray application, plant dust
Application method for household insecticide
Home pest management begins by limiting availability to insects from three important commodities: shelter, water and food. If an insect becomes a problem in spite of such an action, it may be necessary to control it using chemical methods, targeting the active ingredient for a particular pest. Insect repellents, referred to as "insect sprays", come in plastic bottles or aerosol cans. Applied to clothing, arms, legs, and other extremities, the use of these products will tend to ward off nearby insects. This is not an insecticide.
Insecticides are used to kill pests - most often insects, and arachnids - mainly come in aerosol cans, and sprayed directly on insects or nests as a means of killing them. The flying spray will kill house flies, flies, ants, cockroaches and other insects as well as spiders. Other preparations are granules or liquids that are formulated with the feed eaten by insects. For many available household pest bait traps containing pesticides and both pheromones and food baits. Cracked sprays and slits are applied into and around openings in houses such as baseboards and pipes. Pesticides to control termites are often injected into and around the foundation of the house.
The active ingredients of many home insecticides include permethrin and tetramethrin, which work on the insect nervous system and arachnids.
Insect sprays should be used only in well-ventilated areas, since chemicals contained in aerosols and most insecticides can be harmful or lethal to humans and pets. All insecticide products including solid foods, baits and bait traps should be applied in such a way that they are not accessible to wildlife, pets and children.
See also
- the air app
- Aerosol spray
- Formulation
- Integrated pest management (IPM)
- Pest control
- Pesticides
- Insecticides
- Fungicide
- Weed control
- Drift pesticides
- spray
- nozzle nozzle
References
Further reading
- Matthews GA, Bateman R, Miller P (2014) Pesticide Application Method 4th Edition Wiley, Chichester, UK 517 pp.
- Matthews G.A. (2006) Pesticides: Health, Safety and Environment Blackwell, Oxford
- Bache D.H., Johnstone, D.R. (1992) Micro-climate and spray dispersion Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK.
External links
- International Pesticides Application Research Center (IPARC)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Ontario - Pesticide Storage, Handling, and Applications
- Example of Pesticide application at Tsubo-en Zen Park (Japanese dry stone garden) in Lelystad, Netherlands.
- The Stewardship Community works together to promote the safe and effective use of pesticides.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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