Permethrin , sold under the trademark Nix , among others, are drugs and insecticides. As a medicine, it is used to treat scabies and lice. It is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion. As an insecticide, it can be sprayed on clothes or nets so that the insects touching them die.
Side effects include rashes and irritation in the area of ​​use. Use during pregnancy seems safe. It's approved for use in people over the age of two months. Permethrin in the family of pyrethroid drugs. It works by interfering with the function of louse neurons and mange mites.
Permethrin was discovered in 1973. It is on the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines List, the most effective and safe medicines needed in the health system. Wholesale costs in developing countries are around US $ 0.02 to US $ 0.06 per gram. In the United States, the maintenance program costs US $ 25 to US $ 50, and is available at the counter.
Video Permethrin
Usage
Permethrin is used:
- as an insecticide
- in agriculture, to protect plants (deadly for bees)
- in agriculture, to kill livestock parasites
- for industrial/domestic insect control
- in the textile industry to prevent the attack of wool product insects
- in flight, WHO, IHR and ICAO require aircraft arriving to be circumcised prior to departure, descent or deplaning in certain countries
- to treat lice in humans
- as an insect repellent or an insect screen
- in wood treatment
- as a personal protective device (cloth worn, used primarily for US military uniforms and mosquito nets)
- on the collar or pet flea prevention treatment
- is often combined with piperonyl butoxide to improve its effectiveness.
Medical use
Permethrin is available for topical use as a cream or lotion. This is indicated for the treatment and prevention of individuals affected by ticks and scabies treatment.
For treatment of scabies: Adults and children older than 2 months are instructed to apply cream throughout the body from head to foot. Wash cream after 8-14 hours. In general, one treatment is curative.
For hair flea treatment: Apply to hair, scalp, and neck after shampooing. Leave on for 10 minutes and rinse. Avoid contact with eyes.
Pest control
In agriculture, permethrin is mainly used in cotton, wheat, corn, and alfalfa. Its use is controversial because, as broad-spectrum chemicals, it kills indiscriminately; as well as the intended pest, may harm beneficial insects, including honeybees, and aquatic life.
Permetrin kills ticks and mosquitoes when in contact with treated clothes. A method for reducing deer flea population by treating mouse vectors involves inserting biodegradable cardboard tubes with permethrin-impregnated cotton. Rats collect cotton to coat their nests. Permethrin on cotton instantly kills any immature ticks feeding on mice.
Permethrin is used in the tropics to prevent mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria. Mosquito nets used to cover the bed can be treated with permethrin solution. This increases the effectiveness of the bed nets by killing insect parasites before they can find a gap or hole in the net. Training of military personnel in malaria endemic areas can be instructed to treat their uniforms with permethrin, as well.
Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide to protect wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineola bisselliella .
Maps Permethrin
Side effects
Permethrin application can cause mild skin irritation and burns. Discontinue use if hypersensitivity occurs.
Security
Permethrin has little systemic absorption, and is considered safe for topical use in adults and children over 2 months of age. The FDA has defined it as a pregnancy category B. Animal studies have no effect on fertility or teratogenicity, but human studies have not yet been done. Excretion of permethrin in breast milk is unknown, and breastfeeding is recommended to be temporarily stopped during treatment.
According to the Connecticut Department of Public Health, permethrin "has a low mammalian toxicity, is poorly absorbed through the skin, and quickly inactivated by the body, skin reactions have become uncommon."
Excessive exposure to permethrin can cause nausea, headaches, muscle weakness, excessive saliva, shortness of breath, and seizures. Worker exposure to chemicals can be monitored by urinary metabolite measurements, while severe overdose can be confirmed by permethrin measurements in serum or blood plasma.
Permethrin does not show any genotoxicity or real immunotoxicity in humans and farm animals, but is classified by EPA as a possible human carcinogen, based on reproducible studies in which permethrin-treated rodents develop liver and lung tumors. It is known to be highly toxic to fish and aquatic species.
Pharmacokinetics
Permethrin is a chemical that is categorized in the pyrethroid insecticide group. The chemicals in the pyrethroid family were created to mimic chemicals found in chrysanthemum flowers.
Absorption
Minimally permethrin absorption is minimal. One in vivo study showed a 0.5% absorption in the first 48 hours based on urinary urinary excretion.
Distribution
The distribution of permethrin has been studied in mouse models, with the highest amount accumulating in fats and brain. This may be explained by the lipophilic nature of the permethrin molecule.
Metabolism
Permetrin metabolism occurs mainly in the liver, where molecules are oxidized by the P450 cytochrome system, as well as hydrolysis, into metabolites. Elimination of this metabolite occurs through urinary excretion.
Military use
To protect soldiers from the risks and disruption of bite insects, US and British soldiers treat all new uniforms with permethrin.
Stereochemistry
Permethrin has four stereoisomers (two enantiomeric pairs), arising from two stereocenters in a cyclopropane ring. The enantiomer pair trans is known as transpermethrin.
History
Permethrin was first made in 1973.
Many synthetic routes exist for the production of acid-acid ester precursors. The path known as Kuraray Process uses four steps. In general, the final step in the total synthesis of one synthetic pyretroid is the coupling of the ester-acid and alcohol ester. In the case of permethrin synthesis, the acid-cycloproparboxylic acid DV-3- (2,2-dichloroethyl) -2,2-dimethyl-, ethyl ester, is combined with the alcohol, m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, by a transesterification reaction based. Tetraisopropyl titanate or sodium ethylate can be used as a base.
Alcohol precursors can be prepared in three steps. First, m-cresol, chlorobenzene, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and copper chloride react to produce m-phenocytoluene. Second, the oxidation of m-phenoxytoluene to selenium dioxide produces m-phenoxybenzaldehyde. Thirdly, Cannizzaro's reaction of benzaldehyde in formaldehyde and potassium hydroxide gave m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol.
Brand name
Marketed by Johnson & amp; Johnson by the name of Lyclear. In the Nordic countries and North America, it is marketed under the Nix trade name, often available on the table.
Other animals
Permethrin is listed as a "limited use" substance by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because of its high toxicity to aquatic organisms, so water contaminated with permethrin and contaminated must be disposed of properly. Permethrin is quite stable, has a half-life of 51-71 days in a watery environment exposed to light. It's also very persistent on the ground.
Domestic animals
Permethrin has little effect on dogs, however, cats are sensitive. Permethrin levels of pesticides are toxic to cats. Many cats die after being given flea treatments intended for dogs, or through contact with dogs that have recently been treated with permethrin. In cats can cause hyperexitability, tremors, seizures, and death.
Exposure to toxins from permethrin can cause some symptoms, including seizures, hyperesthesia, hyperthermia, hypersalivation, and loss of balance and coordination. Exposure to medications derived from pyrethroids such as permethrin requires treatment by a veterinarian, otherwise poisoning is often fatal. This intolerance is caused by a defect of glukuronosyltransferase, a common detoxification enzyme in other mammals (which also makes cats intolerant of paracetamol and many essential oils). The use of external parasitides based on permethrin is contraindicated for cats. (Cat ecotoxicology: skin 100 mg/kg - oral 200 mg/kg).
See also
- Methoprene
- Pyrethrin
- Pyrethrum
- Benzyl benzoate
References
External links
- Permethrin in Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
- Permethrin Engineering Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
- Permethrin's Public Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
- Permetrin Clothing Hot Topic - National Pesticide Information Center
- "Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms", National Research Council (1994, USA)
- "Permethrin summary report", Animal Products Committee, European Agency for Evaluation of Medical Products (1998, EU)
- Permethrin Pesticide Information Profile - Renewal Toxicology Network
- Permetrin chemical data
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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