Origami ( ??? , from ori meaning "fold", and us which means "paper" ( we turn into gami because of my rendes) ) is the art of paper folding, which is often associated with Japanese culture. In modern usage, the word "origami" is used as an inclusive term for all fold practices, regardless of their cultural origin. The goal is to turn the square flat sheet into a finished statue through folding and sculpting techniques. Modern origami practitioners generally forbid the use of pieces, glue, or marks on paper. The origami folder often uses the Japanese word kirigami to refer to designs that use snippets, although cutting is more typical of Chinese paper.
A small number of basic origami folds can be combined in various ways to create intricate designs. The most famous origami model is the Japanese paper crane. In general, this design begins with a piece of square paper whose sides may have different colors, prints, or patterns. Traditional Japanese origami, which has been practiced since the Edo period (1603-1867), is often less strict about this convention, sometimes cutting paper or using nonsquare shapes to begin. The origami principle is also used in stents, packaging and other engineering applications.
Video Origami
Histori
Different paper-making traditions emerged in Europe, China, and Japan that have been well documented by historians. This seems to be largely a separate tradition, until the 20th century.
In China, traditional cemeteries often include folded paper burnings, most often a representation of the gold nugget (yuanbao). The practice of burning paper representations rather than large-scale timber or clay replicas originated in the Sung Dynasty (905-1125 CE), although it is not clear how many folds are involved.
In Japan, the most unambiguous reference to the paper model is the short poem by Ihara Saikaku in 1680 which mentions the traditional butterfly design used during Shinto marriages. Fold fills some ceremonial functions in the Edo period of Japanese culture; noshi is attached to a gift, like a greeting card used today. It evolved into a form of entertainment; the first two textbooks published in Japan are obviously recreational.
In Europe, there is a well-developed folding napkin genre, which flourished during the 17th and 18th centuries. After this period, the genre declined and was largely forgotten; The historian Joan Sallas attributes this to the introduction of porcelain, which replaced the intricate napkin folds as a symbol of the dinner table status among the nobles. However, some of the techniques and bases associated with this tradition continue to be part of European culture; folding is an important part of Friedrich Froebel's "Kindergarten" method, and the designs published in conjunction with the curriculum are similar in style to the repertoire of napkin folds.
When the Japanese opened their borders in the 1860s, as part of a modernization strategy, they imported the Froebel Kindergarten system - and with it, German ideas on paperfolding. This includes a ban on cutting, and the initial form of a bicolored square. These ideas, and some European folding repertoire, are integrated into Japanese tradition. Prior to this, traditional Japanese sources used various early forms, often having chunks; and if they have a color or mark, this is added after the model is folded.
In the early 1900s, Akira Yoshizawa, Kosho Uchiyama, and others began creating and recording original origami works. Akira Yoshizawa is particularly responsible for a number of innovations, such as the wet folds and Yoshizawa-Randlett diagram system, and his work inspires the rise of the art form. During the 1980s a number of folders began to systematically study the mathematical properties of folded forms, leading to a rapid increase in the origami model's complexity.
Maps Origami
Techniques and materials
Technique
Many origami books begin with a description of basic origami techniques used to build models. This includes simple diagrams of basic creases such as valleys and mountain folds, creases, reverse creases, pumpkin folds, and sinks. There is also a standard named base that is used in a variety of models, for example a bird base is a transitional stage in the construction of a flapping bird. Additional bases are base (base base), fish base, waterbomb base, and frog base.
origami paper
Almost all laminar (flat) materials can be used for folding; the only requirement is must have a fold.
The origami paper, often referred to as "us" (Japanese for paper), is sold in compacted boxes of various sizes ranging from 2.5 cm (1 inch) to 25 cm (10 inches) or more. Usually colored on one side and white on the other; however, colorful and patterned versions exist and can be used effectively for models that change color. Origami paper has a slightly smaller weight than photocopier paper, making it suitable for a wider variety of models.
Normal photocopy paper weighing 70-90 g/m 2 can be used for simple folding, such as crane and waterbomb. The heavier paper (19-24 & nb 100 g/m 2 (about 25 pounds) or more can be folded in. This technique allows for a more rounded modeling, and solid when dry.
The foil-supported paper, as the name implies, is a thin piece of paper embedded on a thin piece of paper. Associated with this is tissue paper, which is made by gluing a thin tissue paper into the kitchen of aluminum foil. The second piece of tissue can be attached to the back side to produce tissue/foil/tissue sandwich. Paper supported by foil is commercially available, but not network paper; it must be handmade. Both types of foil materials are suitable for complex models.
Washi ( ?? ) is a traditional origami paper used in Japan. Washi is generally harder than ordinary paper made from wood pulp, and is used in many traditional arts. Washi is generally made using fiber from the bark of the gampi tree, the mitsumata shrub ( Edgeworthia papyrifera ), or mulberry paper, but can also be made using bamboo, hemp, rice, and wheat.
Artisan paper such as unryu, lokta, hanji, gampi, kozo, saa, and abaca have long and often very strong fibers. Because these papers are floppy to start with, they are often backcoated or resized with methylcellulose or wheat paste before folding. Also, these papers are very thin and compressible, allowing for thin and narrow legs as in the case of insect models.
Banknotes from different countries are also popular for creating origami; this is known as Dollar Origami, Orikane, and Origami Money.
Tools
It is common to fold using a flat surface, but some folders love to do it in the air without tools, especially when displaying folds. Many folders believe that there are no tools to use when folding. But some tools can help especially with more complex models. For example a bone folder allows a sharp crease to be made on paper with ease, a paper clip can act as an extra pair of fingers, and tweezers can be used to make small folds. When creating complex models of origami folding patterns, it can be helpful to use a ruler and ballpoint embosser to print wrinkles. The finished model can be sprayed so that the shape remains better, and sprays are needed when folding wet.
Type
Origami Actions
Origami not only includes inanimate objects, there are also moving objects; Origami can move in a smart way. Actions origami including origami that fly, require inflation to complete, or, when completed, using kinetic energy of a person's hand, applied to a specific region on the model, to move the flap or other extremities. Some argue that, strictly speaking, only the latter is really "recognized" as an origami action. The origami action, first appeared with traditional Japanese flapping birds, is quite common. One example is the instrumentalist Robert Lang; when the heads of the figures are pulled away from their bodies, their hands will move, resembling a musical game.
Origami modular
The modular origami consists of placing a number of identical pieces to form a complete model. Usually the individual pieces are simple but the final assembly may be tricky. Many modular origami models are decorative folding balls like kusudama, different techniques although in kusudama it allows pieces to be put together using a thread or glue.
Chinese folding includes a style called Golden Venture Folding in which a large number of pieces are put together to create complicated models. It is most commonly known as "3D origami", but the name does not appear until Joie's Staff publishes a series of books titled "3D Origami", "More Origami 3D", and "More Origami 3D". Sometimes banknotes are used for modules. This style originated from some Chinese refugees when they were detained in America and also called the folding Golden Venture from their coming ship.
Wet-fold
Wet-folding is an origami technique for producing models with soft curves rather than straight geometric folds and flat surfaces. The paper is moistened so that it can be formed easily, the last model maintains its shape when it is dry. This can be used, for example, to produce animal models that look very natural. The sizes, adhesives that are crisp and hard when dry, but soluble in water when wet and soft and supple, are often applied to paper either in the pulp stage while the paper is being formed, or on the surface of the prepared sheet of paper. The latter method is called the external measure and most often uses Methylcellulose, or MC, pasta, or a variety of starch plants.
Pureland origami
Pureland origami adds restrictions that only simple mountain folds/valleys can be used, and all creases should have a clear location. It was developed by John Smith in 1970 to help inexperienced folders or those with limited motor skills. Some designers also like the challenge of creating very strict limits.
Tesselations Origami
Origami tessellation is an increasingly popular branch after 2000. Tessellation is a collection of figures that fill the plane with no slit or overlap. In origami tesselations, the folds are used to connect molecules like twist folds together in a repetitive way. During the 1960s, Shuzo Fujimoto was the first to explore folding twist folds in any systematic way, coming up with dozens of patterns and building genres in mainstream origami. Around the same time period, Ron Resch patented several tessellation patterns as part of his exploration into kinetic statues and surfaces that could be developed, although his work was not known by the origami community until the 1980s. Chris Palmer is an artist who has explored many tesselations after looking at Zilij patterns in the Alhambra, and has found a way to create detailed origami tesselations from silk. Robert Lang and Alex Bateman are two designers who use computer programs to create origami tesselations. The first international devotions devoted to origami tesselations were held in BrasÃÆ'lia (Brazil) in 2006, and the first instruction book on the tessellation folding pattern was published by Eric Gjerde in 2008. Since then, the field has grown very quickly. Tessellation artists include Polly Verity (Scotland); Joel Cooper, Christine Edison, Ray Schamp, and Goran Konjevod from the United States; Roberto Gretter (Italy); Christiane Bettens (Switzerland); Carlos Natan LÃÆ'³pez (Mexico); and Jorge C. Lucero (Brazil).
Kirigami
Kirigami is a Japanese term for cutting paper. Cutting is often used in traditional Japanese origami, but modern innovations in technique have made the use of cuts unnecessary. Most origami designers no longer consider the model to be cut to origami, but use the term Kirigami to describe it. Changes in this attitude occurred during the 1960s and 70s, so early origami books often used pieces, but most of them had disappeared from modern origami repertoire; most modern books do not even mention cutting.
Folding fold
Folding strips are a combination of folding paper and woven paper. A common example of folding strips is called Lucky Star, also called Chinese luck star, dream star, star of hope, or just origami star. Another common fold is the Moravian Star which is made by folding fold in a 3-dimensional design to include 16 spikes.
Math and technical origami
Math and practical apps
Practice and origami studies summarize some of the subjects of mathematical interest. For example, the folders problem (whether fold pattern can be folded into a 2-dimensional model) has become a big enough mathematical learning topic.
A number of technological advances come from insights gained through paper folding. For example, techniques have been developed for the deployment of car airbags and stent implants from folded positions.
The origami problem is rigid ("if we replace the paper with a sheet of metal and have a hinge in place of the crease line, can we keep folding the model?") It has a very important practical value. For example, the Miura map fold is a rigid fold that has been used to deploy a large array of solar panels for space satellites.
Origami can be used to construct a variety of geometric designs that are not possible with compass and ruler construction. For example, folding paper can be used for three corner sections and doubling the cube.
Origami technical
The technical origami, known in Japanese as origami sekkei ( ????? ) , is an origami design approach in where the model is conceived as an engineered folding pattern, rather than developed through trial-and-error. With advances in mathematical origami, the basic structure of the new origami model can be theoretically plotted on paper before actual folding even occurs. This origami design method was developed by Robert Lang, Meguro Toshiyuki and others, and allows the creation of highly complex multi-limbed models such as many-legged leggings, human figures with complete fingers and toes, and the like.
The fold pattern is the layout of the folds required to form the model structure. Quite paradoxically, when the origami designer came up with a folding pattern for the new design, most of the smaller folds were relatively unimportant and only added toward the completion of the model. More important is the allocation of the paper region and how it is mapped to the structure of the object being designed. By opening a folded model, you can observe the structure that shapes it; the study of this structure led to a number of crafty patterned design approaches
The allocation pattern is called 'circle-packing' or 'packing polygon'. Using the optimization algorithm, the circle packing figures can be calculated for any uniaxial bases of random intricacy. Once this number is calculated, the creases that are then used to obtain the basic structure can be added. This is not a unique mathematical process, therefore there is the possibility of two designs having the same circular structure, and the structure of different folding patterns.
As the circle encloses the maximum amount of area for a given perimeter, the packing loop allows for maximum efficiency in terms of paper usage. However, other polygonal forms can be used to solve packaging problems as well. The use of polygonal forms other than circles is often motivated by the desire to find folds easily traced (such as a multiple of 22.5 degrees) and hence folding sequences is easier as well. One popular branch of the circle packing method is box-pleating, where the box is used instead of a circle. As a result, the crease pattern that emerges from this method has only 45 and 90 degree angles, which often makes the sequence more immediate.
A number of computer aids for origami such as TreeMaker and Oripa, have been designed. TreeMaker allows new origami bases designed for special purposes and Oripa tries to calculate the folded shapes of the fold pattern.
Ethics and copyright
Copyright in origami design and use of models has become an increasingly important issue in the origami community, because the internet has made selling and distributing pirated designs very easy. It is considered a good iket to always appreciate the original artist and folder when displaying origami models. It has been claimed that all commercial rights to design and modeling are usually provided by origami artists; However, the extent to which this can be upheld has been disputed. Under such a view, people who fold models using legally-obtained designs may display the model publicly unless such rights are specifically protected, while folding the design for money or commercial use of photographs for example will require approval. Origami Writer and Author Group was formed to represent the origami artists' copyright interests and facilitate permit requests.
However, a court in Japan has asserted that the folding method of the origami model "consists of ideas and not creative expression, and thus is not protected by copyright law". Furthermore, the court stated that "the method for folding origami is in the public domain, one can not avoid using the same folding fold or the same arrow to indicate the direction to fold the paper". Therefore, it is legal to redraw folding instructions from other author models even if redrawn instructions bear a resemblance to the original, provided the equation is "functional in nature". Redrawn instructions can be published (and even sold) without the permission of the original author. Japan's decision is arguably consistent with the US Office of Human Rights, which affirms that "copyright does not protect ideas, concepts, systems, or methods of doing things."
Gallery
These photos show examples of different types of origami.
In popular culture
- In House of Cards season 1, episode 6, Claire Underwood gives homeless cash, and she then returns it folded into birds. Claire then starts making origami animals, and in episode 7 she gives some to Peter Russo for her children.
- In Blade Runner , Gaff folds origami throughout the movie, and the origami unicorn folds it to form the main plot point.
- The science and science fiction philosophy "Great" by Yoon Ha Lee revolves around origami. In it, origami serves as a metaphor for history: "It is not true that the dead can not be folded, the square becomes a kite into a goose, history becomes rumor into song, and even remembering will darken the truth." The main element of the plot is a weapon called the jerengjen from the mercenary room, which spans from flat forms: "In the streets, the jerengjen is revealed beautifully, it develops into an artillery with a dragon-shaped shadow and a four-legged attack robots with wolf-shaped shadows In the sky, the jerengjen is thrown at the bombers with a kestrel-shaped shadow. "The story says that word means the art of folding paper in the primary language of mercenaries. In an interview, when asked about the subject, the author says that he became fascinated with the dimension since reading Flatland's novel.
See also
References
Further reading
- Kunihiko Kasahara (1988). Origami Omnibus: Paper Folding for Everyone . Tokyo: Japan Publications, Inc. ISBNÃ, 4-8170-9001-4
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- Books for more advanced origami; this book presents many more complex ideas and theories, as well as related topics in geometry and culture, along with model diagrams.
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- Kunihiko Kasahara and Toshie Takahama (1987). Origami for Connoisseurs . Tokyo: Japan Publications, Inc. ISBNÃ, 0-87040-670-1
- Satoshi Kamiya (2005). Karya Satoshi Kamiya, 1995-2003 . Tokyo: Origami House
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- A very complicated book for elite origami, most models require 100 steps to complete. Includes the famous Divine Dragon Bahamut and Ancient Dragons. Instructions in Japanese and English.
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- Kunihiko Kasahara (2001). Extreme Origami . ISBNÃ, 0-8069-8853-3
- Michael LaFosse. Masterworks of Paper Folding
- Nick Robinson (2004). Encyclopedia of Origami . Quarto. ISBN: 1-84448-025-9. A book full of stimulating designs.
External links
- GiladOrigami.com, contains a large number of book reviews
- WikiHow on creating origami
- Origami USA, lots of resources, especially for folders in the US
- The English Origami community, many resources, especially for folders in the UK
- Between Folds , a documentary about origami and origami artists
- Lang, Robert (February 2008). "Math and sulap origami" (video) . TED ED . Retrieved April 6, 2013 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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