Shoe polish is a paste, cream, or a waxy liquid used to polish, polish, and waterproof leather shoes or boots to prolong the life of shoes, and restore, defend and improve their appearance.
Video Shoe polish
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Shoe polish can be classified into three types: wax, cream-emulsion, and liquid. Each of them differs in detailed compositions but they all consist of a mixture of waxes, solvents, and dyes.
wax-based shoe polish
Candles, organic solvents, and dyes form this type of paint. Candles are 20-40% of the material. Natural waxes include carnauba and montan as well as synthetic wax. This composition is determined by the balance of hardness and polishing properties after the solvent evaporates. Solvents are chosen to match the night. Approximately 70% of shoe polish is solvent. Various solvents are used including naphtha. Turpentine, though more expensive, is preferred because of the "smell of shoe polish." Dyes make a 2-3% end of the paint. Traditional dyes are nigrosine, but other dyes (including azo dyes) and pigments are used for melting of oxblood, cordovan, and chocolate.
Due to the high content of volatile solvents, waxy shoe-based polishes harden after application, while retaining its shine. The well-mixed poles are known to suffer from bloom, evidenced by the appearance of a white layer of stearin on the surface of the paint.
Shoe cream
This polish has a gelatinous consistency. They consist of three components of ordinary wax, liquid vehicle, and dye. Unlike wax shoes, cream contains 50% water plus 20-30% turpentine, so the liquid content is high. Emulsifiers and surfactants are required. These include ammonia, morpholine and various ethoxylated surfactants such as polysorbate 80. The wax is often a mixture of carnauba wax, beeswax, montan wax and oxidized derivatives, and paraffin wax.
Liquid shoe polish
Liquid shoe boots are sold in plastic bottles that can be squeezed, with a small sponge applicator at the edges. To reduce the viscosity, bottle polishing usually has a very low wax content. Liquid shoe polish is a complex mixture. Polyethylene wax emulsion is the main component. A variety of polymers, typically acrylates, are the next major component, giving the luster and holding the dye in suspension. Resins and casein are selected to ensure adhesion to the skin. Ester phosphate fat, emulsifier, and glycol are also used. Pigments include titanium dioxide for white skin and iron oxide for chocolate.
Maps Shoe polish
Producing
The process of producing some shoe polish is easy and the equipment required is relatively easy to obtain. The cost of making a shoe-shine manufacturing facility has been estimated at about $ 600,000 (in 2005).
Shoe polish is produced in large thermostation, stirred reactor. Steps are taken to ensure that volatile solvents do not evaporate. Typically, low melted paraffin wax is melted, followed by higher melting wax, and finally a stearate-dye mixture. Liquid mass is added to the warm solvent before it is distributed. Wax-based shoe polishers are traditionally packed in flat, round, 60 gram (2 ounces) cans, usually with easy-to-open facilities. Traditional flats, round tins since becoming synonymous with shoe polish. When dried due to loss of solvents or other reasons, the hardened wax pulls away from the container wall giving what is known as a "rattler".
History
Before the twentieth century
From medieval times, dubbin, wax products, used to soften and waterproof skin; but it does not give the impression of glowing. It is made of natural wax, oil, soda ash and fat. Since the skin with high natural veneer became popular in the 18th century, the glossy finish became important, especially in boots and boots. In most cases, homemade polishes are used to give this result, often with lanolin or beeswax as its base.
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries many shoe polish forms became available, but rarely referred to as shoe-shine or shoe polish. Instead, they are often called blacking , especially when mixed with soot, or still called dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product, is used to produce simple shoe polish today. Chicago, where 82% of processed meat consumed in the United States is processed in the yard, becoming a major shoe-producing area.
In London, Warren's brothers, Thomas and Jonathan, began to blackish around 1795-8, initially in partnership and then with a competing company. Blacking company Jonathan Warren was listed as the first employer of the 12-year-old Charles Dickens in 1823. The competitor of Warren's company in London is Day & amp; Company Martin was formed in 1801.
Operation details Day & amp; Martin in 1842 reveals that the blacking they produce is in two forms, bottled liquids, and thick paste available in a small wide-masted stone tub, sheets wrapped in oily paper, or in a "circular tin box, about three inches in diameter, and half or three-quarter inch thick ". Canned blacking paste is currently specialized for military use. The text states "However, like army boots or shoes should to some extent imitate the brightness and glitter of boots from those who pay for the battle instead of against them, a portable blackening device is provided." This confirms the cans as polish instead of dubbin.
In 1832, James S. Mason of Philadelphia began commercial production of outages and ink shoes. In 1851, James S. Mason & amp; Co built a building at 138/140 Front St. in which eventually ten million boxes are produced each year, to accommodate the black cans produced by two hundred employees. Then, the black cans are labeled as Mason Shoe Polish. The business ceased operations in 1919 and the building was flattened in 1973.
Other early skin preservation products include the Irish brand Punch , first made in 1851. In 1889, a British man by the name of William Edward Wren, began making shoe polish and dubbin under the Wren's brand. In just 3 years, he won the "First Field Award - the First Leading Trade Appreciation Award 1892" awarded by the Leather Trade Exhibition held in Northampton, the center of the UK shoe making industry This signifies the importance and prestige of trade shows and is a quality recognition Wren In 1890, Kroner Brothers founded EOS, a shoe-shine factory in Berlin, which served the Prussian military, which was finally shut down in 1934 when the Nazis forbade the Jews to run a business The Erdal brand went on sale in 1901.
Before 1906, shoe polish was not known as a product that could be purchased, nor was it so sophisticated. Although sales were not too high, some brands, such as Nugget , were available in the UK during the 19th century. The practice of shoe shine people gradually caught and soon many shoe polishers in the city streets are offering shining shoes using the basic shoe polish form along with polishing cloth.
Modern polishing
The first shoe shirts that resemble modern varieties (aimed primarily to produce luster) are British and British Commonwealth brands such as Cherry Blossom, Kiwi, and Wren's. An advertisement published in March 1947 by Wren states that William Wren originated from the first wax polish in 1889. Since the ad was endorsed by Royal Warrants, his claim would be deemed to be credited. However, the most famous brand is Kiwi. Scottish expatriates William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making "shoe polish" in a small factory in 1904 in Melbourne, Australia. Their formula is a major improvement on the previous brand. It retains the shoe skin, makes it shine, and restores color. By the time Kiwi Dark Tan was released in 1908, he incorporated an agent that added softness and water resistance. Australian shoe polishers are then considered the best in the world. Black and various colors became available, and exports to the UK, continental Europe, and New Zealand began, although polishing is now made in the Far East. Previously owned by Sara Lee Corporation since 1984, Kiwi was sold in 2011 to SC Johnson [1] .
Ramsay named the shoe polish after the kiwi, the national bird of New Zealand; Ramsay's wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, is a native of Oamaru, New Zealand. It has been suggested that, while some weak symbols are associated with New Zealand, eventually the spread of Kiwi-style shoe polish around the world increases the popular Kiwi appeal and promotes it at the expense of others.
A rival brand in its early years was Sydney-based Cobra Boot Polish . Cobra is famous for a series of cartoon ads on The Sydney Bulletin, beginning in 1909, using a character called "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo." Chunder is an Australian hose for vomiting, and may originate from the Chūn Loo and subsequently vomiting (another slang word for vomiting).
Popularity spike
At the end of the 19th century, leather shoes and boots became affordable to the masses, and with the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the demand for a large number of polished army boots led to a need in the market for products that would let shoes be polished quickly, efficient, and easy. Polishers are also used to polish leather belts, holster pistols, and horse spikes. This demand led to a rapid increase in the sale of shoes and shoe polish. The popularity of Kiwi shoe polish spreads throughout the British Commonwealth and the United States. Rival brands are starting to emerge, including Shinola and Cavalier (United States), Cherry Blossom (English), Parwa ( India), Jean Bart (France), and many others. Ads become more prominent; many shoe-shine brands use fictitious figures or historical characters to spread awareness of their products. In the German documentary 1927 Berlin: Symphony of a Great City, a scene focuses on shoe polish with a paint called Nigrin that features the faces of blacks.
Shoe manufacturing improvements in the mid-19th century enabled the factory to produce large quantities of leather shoes, and then synthetic materials. The increase in leather shoe production continued into the 20th century and led to a surge in the number of retail shoe stores in the industrial world, and then calls for shoe polish by footwear consumers.
Shoe polish can be found everywhere everywhere. Allied troops dared. American war correspondent Walter Graeber wrote for TIME magazine from Tobruk trench in 1942 that "old tin cans of Kiwi-made English polish are located side by side with empty bottles of Chianti." A story that shows a significant increase in the global significance of shoe polish is told by Jean (Gertrude) Williams, a New Zealander who lived in Japan during the Allied occupation immediately after World War II. The American army then finds the folly of their boots and shoes to be defective when trying to win the Japanese woman's affection. US military footwear was then produced with brown leather with a rough side.
When the British Commonwealth Invaders Army arrived in Japan - all with polished boots to an unknown level in US troops - G.I was more aware than ever. The secret is found to rest not only in spitting and polishing, but in superior Australian shoe polish, a commodity that is immediately exchanged with Americans on the fluctuating basis of so many packets of cigarettes for a single can of Kiwi shoe polish.
Hari modern
Shoe polish products are low-priced items that are rarely purchased, as one can last several months even for the most frequent users. Consumer demand is not elastic and highly insensitive to price changes, while sales volume is generally low. In the shoe polish market as a whole, about 26% of turnover is recorded with pasta, 24% by cream, 23% by aerosol, and 13% by liquids. In recent years, demand for shoe polish products has been static or declining; one of the reasons is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with shoes for everyday use.
There are many branded products available, as well as generic store brands. There are two main areas of sales of shoe polish: to the general public, and to specialists and trades, such as shoe workshops, and cobblers. The percentage of sales between two outlets is roughly proportional.
The best selling brands are produced by these companies: Kiwi, Tana, and Johnson, and Reckitt & amp; Colman. About 60 million units are sold each year. Other leading brands include Kelly's, Shinola, Lincoln Shoe Polish, Meltonian , Angelus i>, Woly, Salamander, Collonil and Cherry Blossom .
Kiwi was acquired by American company Sara Lee after the purchase of Reckitt and Colman in 1991 and Knomark under the brand name Esquire Shoe Polish in 1987. The Federal Trade Commission ruled that Sara Lee should release ownership of these companies in 1994 to prevent it. from becoming a monopoly. Since this ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring further assets or companies related to chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior commission approval. The Competition Commission in the UK investigates Sara Lee's potential monopoly in the shoe care industry. At the end of 2010, Sara Lee Household & amp; Body Care Division (including KIWI) was acquired by S.C.Johnson & amp; Son.
Kiwi Polish is also used by US Military and Canadian Armed Forces.
The popularity of shoe polish aligned the general rise in the production of shoe leather and synthetics, beginning in the 19th century and continuing into the 20th century. The World War sees a surge in demand for products.
Usage
Shoe polish applied to the shoe using a cloth, cloth or brush. Shoe polish is not a cleaning product: suitable for clean and dry shoes. Robust action to apply polish evenly on the boots, followed by further sealing with a clean dry cloth or brush, usually gives good results. Another technique, known as spit-polishing, or rubbing the bull, involves gently rubbing it into the skin with a cloth and a drop of water or saliva. This action reaches like a mirror, a high-gloss that is sometimes known as spit shine or bull is highly regarded in military organizations. However, saliva is less commonly used as a vehicle or diluent with paint than water. The polish containing carnauba wax can be used as a protective coating to extend the life and appearance of leather shoes.
Shoe polish can be purchased before soaked into hard sponge, which can be used to smooth the skin without the need to apply additional polish on the skin or sponges. This is usually known as an applicator .
Related products
Many products are closely related to shoe polish, but are not fully considered as such. Other chemical products can be used to clean and shine shoes - especially bleach for white shoes, and various sprays and aerosols for cleaning and waterproof suede shoes. Banana peels can also be used to polish shoes effectively, but not recommended.
Although shoe polish is primarily intended for leather shoes, some brands specify that polish can be used on non-porous materials, such as vinyl. Polishing is generally the same as the shoe color to be used, or perhaps neutral , has no intrinsic color.
Security and environmental considerations
Shoe polish is a market niche in such a way that its environmental impact can be ignored. Evaporation of solvents is a problem. Dyes and pigments with "severe carcinogenic profiles" have been omitted from most formulations.
See also
- Skin: preservation and conditioning
References
External links
- Ã, "Blacking". Encyclopedia Americana . 1920.
- How shoe polish is made (video)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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