Paint is a liquid, liquid, or mastic composition which, after being applied to a substrate in a thin film, is converted into a solid film. It is most often used to protect, color, or give texture to objects. Paints can be made or purchased in different colors - and in various types, such as watercolors, synthetics, etc. Paints are usually stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most of the dry type becomes solid.
Video Paint
History
In 2003 and 2004, South African archaeologists reported the discovery in Blombos Cave from a mixture made from 100,000 years old man-made ocher that can be used like paint. Further digging in the same cave produced a 2011 report from a complete toolkit to grind pigments and create a substance like primitive paint. Cave paintings drawn with red or yellow ocher, hematite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by Homo sapiens since 40,000 years ago.
The ancient colored walls in Dendera, Egypt, exposed for years to various elements, still have brilliant colors, as distinct as they were painted about 2,000 years ago. Egyptians mix their colors with chewy substances, and apply them separately to each other without any mixture or mixture. They seem to have used six colors: white, black, blue, red, yellow, and green. They first closed the area entirely in white, then traced the design in black, leaving the soil lights on. They use minium for red, and generally a dark tinge.
Pliny mentions some of the ceilings painted in his day in the city of Ardea, which had been done before the founding of Rome. He expressed great surprise and admiration for their freshness, after centuries.
Paint is made with yolk and therefore, the substance will harden and adhere to the applied surface. Pigments are made from plants, sand, and soil types. Most paint uses oil or water as a base (diluent, solvent or vehicle for pigment).
An example of the 17th century house oil painting that still exists is the Ham House in Surrey, England, where the primers are used together with some of the undercoats and intricate decorative ornaments; pigment and oil mixture will be ground into a paste with a mortar and pestle. The process was done by hand by painters and exposed them to cause poisoning due to white lead powder.
In 1718, Marshall Smith invented "Machines or Machines for Color Milling" in England. It is not known exactly how it is operated, but it is a device that improves the efficiency of grinding pigments dramatically. Soon, a company called Emerton and Manby advertises very low-priced paint that has been milled with labor-saving technology:
- One Pound of Color ground in the Horse-Mill will paint twelve Yards of Work, while the other Color Ground Any Way, will not do half that Quantity.
With the occurrence of an appropriate Industrial Revolution, paint is being milled in steam-powered plants and an alternative to lead-based pigments is found in white zinc oxide derivatives. Interior house painting is increasingly becoming the norm when the 19th century lasts, both for decorative reasons and because paint is effective in preventing decaying walls from damp. Linseed oil is also increasingly used as a cheap binder.
In 1866, Sherwin-Williams in the United States opened as a major paint maker and created a usable paint from a can without preparation.
It was not until the stimulus of World War II created a flax seed oil shortage in the supply market that artificial resin, or alkyds, was created. Cheap and easy to make, they also hold color well and last for a long time.
Maps Paint
Components
Vehicles
Vehicle consists of fastener; or, if necessary to dilute the binder with a diluent such as a solvent or water, it is a combination of binder and diluent. In this case, after the paint has dried or healed almost all diluents have evaporated and only the binder remains on the coated surface. Thus, the important quantity in the coating formulation is "vehicle solids", sometimes called "resin solids" of the formula. This is the weight proportion of the wet layer which is the binder, ie the backbone of the polymer of the film which will remain after drying or drying is complete.
Binder or secondhand film
The binder is a molding film-forming component. This is the only component that is always present among all types of formulations. Many binders are too thick to apply and should be thinned. The thinner type, if any, varies with the binder.
The binder provides properties such as gloss, endurance, flexibility, and toughness.
Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylic, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethane, polyester, melamine resin, epoxy, silane or siloxanes or oils.
The binder can be categorized according to the mechanism for film formation. Thermoplastic mechanisms include drying and coalescence. Drying refers to the simple evaporation of a solvent or diluent to leave a coherent film behind. Coalescence refers to a mechanism involving drying followed by actual interpenetration and previously discrete particle fusion. The mechanism of thermoplastic film forming is sometimes described as "thermoplastic healing" but it is a misnomer because there is no chemical preservation reaction necessary to knit the film. Thermoset mechanisms, on the other hand, are true curing mechanisms that involve chemical reactions among polymers that form binders.
Thermoplastic mechanisms : Some films are formed by simple cooling of the binder. For example, the encaustic paint or wax is liquid when warm, and hardened after cooling. In many cases, they resoften or liquify if heated.
The dry paint by solvent evaporation and containing solid binder dissolved in a solvent is known as lacquers. A solid film forms when the solvent evaporates. Since no chemical crosslinking is involved, the film may return soluble in the solvent; thus, lacquer is not suitable for applications where chemical resistance is important. Classic nitrocellulose traces fall into this category, as do non-grain-repellent blemishes composed of soluble dyes. Performance varies by formulation, but lacquers generally tend to have better UV resistance and lower corrosion resistance than comparable systems that cure with polymerization or coalescence.
This type of paint known as Emulsion in England and Latex in the United States is a dispersion of water-borne sub-micrometeric polymer particles. These terms in each country include all paints that use synthetic polymers such as acrylic, vinyl acrylic (PVA), acrylic styrene, etc. as a binder. The term "latex" in the context of paint in the United States simply means aqueous dispersion; rubber latex from rubber trees is not a material. This dispersion is made by emulsion polymerization. Such paints are healed by a process called fusion where it is first water, and then trace, or merge, solvent, vaporize and draw together and soften the bonding particles and integrate them together into an irreversible bonded tissue structure, it can not dissolve back in the solvent/water that initially carries it. The residual surfactant in the paint, as well as the hydrolytic effect with some polymers causes the paint to remain vulnerable to softening and, over time, degradation by water. The general term of latex paint is commonly used in the United States, whereas the term emulsion paint is used for the same product in the UK and the term latex paint is not used at all.
Thermosetting Mechanisms : Polymerization-curing paints are generally one or two polymerization coatings that polymerize by chemical reaction, and heal them into crossovers. Depending on the composition, they may need to dry first, by evaporating the solvent. Epoxies of two classic or polyurethane packages will fall into this category.
"Drying oils", as opposed to intuition, actually heal with crosslinking reactions even if they do not go through the oven cycle and seem to just dry out in the air. The film forming mechanism of the simplest example involves first evaporation of a solvent followed by reaction with oxygen from the environment for several days, weeks and even months to make cross-tissue. Classic alkyd enamel will fall into this category. The oxidative drug layer is catalyzed by a metal complex dryer such as cobalt naphthenate.
Recent environmental requirements limit the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and alternative means of preservation have been developed, generally for industrial purposes. UV curing paint, for example, allows formulations with very low solvent amounts, or even none at all. This can be achieved because the monomers and oligomers used in the coatings have relatively low molecular weights, and are therefore quite low in viscosity to allow good fluid flow without the need for thinner additions. If the solvent is present in significant amounts, it is generally mostly evaporated first and then the crosslinking is initiated by ultraviolet light. Similarly, powder coatings contain little or no solvents. Flow and drug are produced by heating the substrate after electrostatic application of dry powder.
Combination mechanisms : The "catalyst" lacquered "catalyst" or "crosslinked" catalyst layers are designed to form films with a combination of methods: classical drying plus useful curing reactions of the catalyst. called plastisols/organosols, which are made by combining PVC granules with plasticizers, which are inclined and mixed together.
Diluent or solvent or thinner
The main purpose of the diluent is to dissolve the polymer and adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It also controls the flow and property of the application, and in some cases may affect the stability of the paint while in a liquid state. Its main function is as a carrier for non-volatile components. In order to spread heavier oils (eg, flaxseed) as in house-based interior paints, oil is needed more dilute. These volatile substances provide their properties for a while - once the solvent has evaporated, the remaining paint is fitted to the surface.
This component is optional: some paints have no diluents.
Water is the main diluent for water-borne paint, even the type of joint solvent.
Solvents, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of organic solvents as diluents, including alipatics, aromatics, alcohols, ketones and white spirits. Specific examples are organic solvents such as petroleum distillates, esters, glycol ethers, and the like. Sometimes a low molecular weight synthetic resin also acts as a diluent.
Pigments and fillers
Pigments are granular solids incorporated in paint to donate colors. Fillers are granular solids that are combined to impart toughness, texture, give special paint properties, or to reduce paint costs. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes, not or in combination with pigments.
Pigments can be classified as natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include a variety of clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and talcs. Synthetics will include engineering molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixes, precipitated calcium carbonates, and synthetic pyrogenic silica.
Hides the pigment, in making opaque paint, also protects the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Hides pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalo blue, red iron oxide, and many others.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that works to thicken the film, support its structure and increase paint volume. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as diatomaceous earth, talc, lime, barite, clay, etc. The floor paint that must withstand abrasion may contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand, some paints contain a large proportion of pigments/fillers and binders.
Some pigments are toxic, such as lead pigments used in lead paint. The paint manufacturer began replacing the white pigment with white titanium (titanium dioxide), before lead paint was banned for household use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Titanium dioxide used in most paint today is often coated with silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better concealment performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing in paint films.
Iron iron oxide (MIO) is another alternative to lead for steel protection, providing more protection against water and less damage than most paints. When the MIO pigment is milled into fine particles, most divide into glossy, reflective coatings, thus minimizing UV degradation and protecting resin binders. Most pigments used in paint tend to be round, but flat pigments, such as glass flakes and MIO have overlapping plates, which block the path of water molecules. For optimal performance, MIO should have a thin particle content such as mica-like flakes. ISO 10601 defines two levels of MIO content. MIO often comes from the form of hematite.
Additive
In addition to the three main categories of materials, paints can have a variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small quantities, but have a significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives for modifying surface tension, improving flow properties, improving the finished appearance, improving wet edges, improving pigment stability, providing antifreeze properties, controlling foaming, controlling skin, etc. Other types of additives include catalysts, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers. , texturizers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing agents), biocides to fight bacterial growth, and the like.
Additives usually do not significantly change the percentage of each component in the formulation.
Paint that changes color
Various technologies exist to create paint that changes color. Paints and thermochromic coatings contain materials that alter conformations when heat is applied or removed, and so they change color. Liquid crystals have been used in such paints, such as in thermometer strips and tapes used in aquariums and new thermal/promotional cups and straws. These materials are used to make eyeglasses.
Color changing paint can also be made by adding halochrome compounds or other organic pigments. One patent cites the use of this indicator for a wall coating application for brightly colored paint. When the paint is wet the color is pink but after dried, the color becomes white again. As cited in the patent, this paint property allows two or more layers to be applied to the wall properly and evenly. The previous coat has dried will become white while the new wet coat will be pink. Ashland Inc. introduced the foundry of refractory coatings with a similar principle in 2005 for use in casting.
The electrochromic paint changes color in response to the applied electric current. The Nissan automaker has reportedly been working on electrochromic paints, based on paramagnetic iron oxide particles. When subjected to an electromagnetic field the paramagnetic particles alter the distance, modifying its color and reflective properties. Electromagnetic fields will be formed using conductive metal from the car body. The electrochromic paint can be applied to the plastic substrate as well, using different coating chemistry. This technology involves the use of a special dye that changes the conformation when an electric current is applied throughout the film itself. This new technology has been used to achieve glare protection with a touch of a button in the passenger's window.
Art
Since the Renaissance, dry-oil paint (especially dried flaxseed) has become the most commonly used paint in art applications; Oil paints are still common these days. However, in the 20th century, water-based paints, including watercolors and acrylic paints, became very popular with the development of acrylic and other latex paints. Paint milk (also called casein), where the medium comes from a natural emulsion of milk, which was popular in the 19th century and is still available today. The tempera egg (in which the medium is an emulsion of raw egg yolks mixed with oil) is still used as well, as do the encaustic wax-based paints. Gouache is a variety of opaque paint that is also used in the Middle Ages and Renaissance for illumination of manuscripts. The pigments are often made of semiprecious stones such as lapis lazuli and binders made of gum arab or egg whites. Gouache, also known as the currently commercially available 'designer color' or 'body color'.
Cat posters have been used primarily in the creation of student work, or by children.
Apps
Paints may be applied as solids, gas suspensions (aerosols) or liquids. Techniques vary depending on the desired practical or artistic results.
As solid (usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high temperatures. It melts the powder and causes it to stick to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the chemistry of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the substrate chemistry (the object being painted). This is called "powder coating" of an object.
As gas or as a gas suspension, the paint is suspended in solid or liquid form in a gas sprayed on an object. Paint attached to the object. This is called a "spray paint" of an object. Reasons for doing this include:
- The application mechanism is air and thus no solid objects touch the painted object;
- The distribution of the paint is uniform, so there is no sharp line;
- It is possible to send paint in very small quantities;
- Chemicals (usually solvents) can be sprayed together with paint to dissolve together both the sent paint and the chemicals on the surface of the painted object;
- Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of a paint molecule.
In the liquid application, paints can be applied by direct application using brushes, paint rollers, knives, scrapers, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs.
Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different pole lengths to be installed, allowing painting at different heights. Generally, the roller application requires two layers for the same color. Thicker-thickened rolls are used to apply paint to uneven surfaces. Edges often end with a sloping brush.
- Using a flat final result will most likely use 1/2 "sleep rollers
- Using one end shell will most likely use a "nap roll" 3/8
- Using satin or a final pearl, will most likely use a "nap roll" 3/8
- Using a semi-gloss or final gloss layer will most likely use a "nap roll" 3/16
Once the liquid paint is applied, there is an interval during which it can be mixed with additional painted areas (on the "wet edge") called "load time". The opening time of oil paint or alkaline based paints may be extended by adding a white spirit, a glycol similar to Dowanol (propylene glycol ether) or an extended time extension. It can also facilitate mixing different layers of wet paint for aesthetic effects. Latex and acrylic emulsions require the use of dry fasteners suitable for water-based coatings.
The application of paint with sprays is the most popular method in the industry. In this case, aerosol paint by compressed air power or by high-pressure compression action of the paint itself, and the paint turns into small droplets that run into the article to be painted. Other methods are airless spray, hot spray, airless spray, and these include electrostatic sprays. There are many electrostatic methods available.
Dipping is used to be the norm for objects such as filing cabinets, but these have been replaced by bells driven by high-speed air turbines with electrostatic spray. The car body is made using an elephoretic cathodic primer, which is applied by filling the body that holds the primary layer. The unchanged residue was rinsed and the primer removed.
Many paints tend to separate when stored, heavier components settle down, and require mixing before use. Some paint outlets have a machine to mix the paint by shaking it firmly for a few minutes.
Opacity and paint film thickness can be measured using a drawdown card.
Water-based paints tend to be easiest to clean after use; brush and rollers can be cleaned with soap and water.
The remaining paint disposal is a challenge. Sometimes it can be recycled: old paint can be used for primary coat or middle coat, and similar chemical paint can be mixed to create a large number of uniform colors.
The main reasons for paint failure after surface application are improper applicators and surface treatments.
Defects or degradation can be associated with:
- Dilution
- This usually happens when the paint dilution is not done as recommended by the manufacturer. There may be cases of excessive dilution and under dilution, as well as dilution with the wrong diluent.
- Contamination
- Foreign contaminants added without the author's consent may cause various film defects.
- Peeling/Blistering
- Most often due to improper surface treatment before application and moisture/humidity are present on the substrate. The degree of coagulation can be assessed in accordance with ISO 4628 Part 2 or ASTM Method D714 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Cat Weathering Level).
- Chalking
- Chalking is a progressive powder of a paint film on a painted surface. The main reason for the problem is the polymer degradation of the paint matrix due to exposure to UV radiation in sunlight and condensation of the dew. Chalking levels vary as epoxies react quickly while acrylic and polyurethane can remain unchanged for long periods. Chalking levels can be assessed in accordance with International Standard ISO 4628 Part 6 or 7 or American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D4214 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Chalking Degree of Exterior Cat Film).
- Cracking
- The paint film cracks are caused by uneven expansion or contraction of the paint layer. Usually occurs when the paint layer is not allowed to heal/dry completely before the next layer is applied. The crack rate can be assessed in accordance with International Standard ISO 4628 Part 4 or ASTM Method D661 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Extent of Cat Crew Extract).
- Erosion
- Erosion is very fast Leaving traces. This happens because external agents such as air, water, etc. It can be evaluated using ASTM ASTM D662 Method (Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Level of Exterior Cat Erosion). The formation of acids by fungal species can be a significant component of painted surface erosion. Mushrooms Aureobasidium pullulans are known for destroying wall paint.
Dangers
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paints are considered harmful to the environment and especially to people who work with them on a regular basis. VOC exposure has been associated with organic solvent syndrome, although this relationship is somewhat controversial. Controversial 2-butoxyethanol solvents are also used in the production of paints.
In the US, environmental regulations, consumer demand, and technological advances lead to the development of low-VOC and zero-VOC paints and finishes. The new paint is widely available and meets or surpasses long-standing, high VOC products in performance and cost effectiveness while having far less impact on human health and the environment.
A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was reported (published in 2009) in air samples collected in Chicago, Philadelphia, the Arctic, and several sites around the Great Lakes. PCB is a global pollutant and is measured in liquid waste from paint production. The wide distribution of PCBs shows the volatilization of these compounds from surfaces, roofs etc. PCBs are present in consumer goods including newspapers, magazines, and cardboard boxes, which usually contain color pigments. Therefore, there is a hypothesis that PCB congeners present as byproducts in some commercial pigments today.
See also
References
Further reading
- Bently, J. (Author) and Turner, G.P.A. (Author) (1997). Introduction to Chemical Paint and Cat Technology Principles. Unk. ISBNÃ, 0-412-72320-4 Ã,
- Talbert, Rodger (2007). Cat Technology Handbook . Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. ISBNÃ, 1-57444-703-3. Ã,
- Woodbridge, Paul R. (Editor) (1991). Cat Formulation Principles . Unk. ISBNÃ, 0-412-02951-0. Ã, CS1 Maint: extra text: author list (link)
- Artist Cat Formulation
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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