Bed bug is a parasitic insect in the genus Cimex that feeds exclusively on blood. Cimex lectularius , a common sleeping bug, is best known for preferring to eat human blood; Other Cimex species specialize in other animals, for example, bat bats, such as Cimex pipistrelli (Europe), Cimex pilosellus (West United States), and Cimex adjunctus (throughout Eastern United States).
The name of the bug bed comes from the preferred habitat of Cimex lectularius: a warm house and especially near or inside the bed and bed or other sleeping area. Bed bugs are especially active at night, but not exclusively at night. They usually eat host unnoticed.
A number of adverse health effects can occur due to insect bites, including skin rashes, psychological effects, and allergy symptoms. Bed bugs are not known to transmit any pathogens as disease vectors. Certain signs and symptoms indicate a bed bug; finding adult insects confirms the diagnosis.
Bed bugs have been known as human parasites for thousands of years. At the point in the early 1940s, they were largely eradicated in the developed world, but have risen in prevalence since 1995, possibly due to pesticide resistance, governmental restrictions on effective pesticides, and international travel. As human habitat infestations have begun to increase, bites of bedbugs and associated conditions have also increased.
Video Bed bug
Flea
The infestation diagnosis involves both finding a sleeping bug and the occurrence of compatible symptoms. Treatment involves removal of insects (including eggs) and taking steps to treat symptoms until they heal.
Flea bites or cimicosis can cause various skin manifestations from no visible effects to prominent blisters. Effects include skin rashes, psychological effects, and allergy symptoms.
Although bed bugs can be infected with at least 28 human pathogens, no research has found that insects are capable of transmitting all of this to humans. They have been found with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), but this significance is still unknown.
Investigations against the possibility of HIV transmission, MRSA, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and hepatitis E have not found any evidence that mattress ticks can spread the disease. However, arbovirus can be contagious.
Maps Bed bug
Description
Physical
Adult bed bugs are light brown to reddish brown, flat, oblong, and have no rear wings. The front wing is vestigial and is reduced to a pad-like structure. Bed bugs have segmented abdomens with microscopic hair that gives them a banded appearance. Adults grow to a length of 4-5 mm (0.16-0.20 inches) and width of 1.5-3 mm (0.059-0.11 inches).
Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become more brown as they mature and reach maturity. The singing of bed bugs of all ages who have recently consumed nutritious food has bright red, translucent stomach, fades to brown for the next several hours, and becomes black opaque within two days when insects digest their food. Bed bugs can be misconstrued as other insects, such as nerds, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; However, when warm and active, their movements are more like ants and, like most other real bugs, they emit a distinctive unpleasant odor when crushed.
Bed bugs use pheromones and kairomones to communicate about nesting, feeding, and reproduction sites.
The age of bed bugs varies by species and also depends on feeding.
Bed bugs can survive a variety of temperatures and atmospheric compositions. Below 16.1 ° C (61.0 ° F), adults enter semihberbernation and can survive longer; they can survive for at least five days at -10 ° C (14 ° F), but die after 15 minutes of exposure -32 ° C (-26 ° F). Commercial and residential freezers generally reach temperatures low enough to kill most life-stage bed bugs, with 95% mortality after 3 days at -12 ° C (10 ° F). They exhibit high drying tolerance, low humidity survival and a range of 35-40 ° C even with a loss of one-third of body weight; the previous stage of life is more susceptible to drought than later.
The thermal death point for C. lectularius is 45Ã, Â ° C (113Ã, Â ° F); all stages of life were killed by 7 min exposure to 46 Â ° C (115 Â ° F). Bed bugs have not been able to withstand high concentrations of carbon dioxide for a long time; exposure to almost pure nitrogen atmosphere, however, seems to have a relatively slight effect even after 72 hours.
Feeding habits
Bed bug is a hematophagous insect (blood sucker). Most species eat humans only when other prey is not available. They get all the extra moisture they need from moisture in the surrounding air. Bedbugs are attracted to its host primarily by carbon dioxide, the second by warmth, and also by certain chemicals. Bedbugs prefer an open skin, preferably the face, neck, and arm of a sleeping person.
Bedbugs have parts of the mouth that penetrate the skin, and inject saliva with anticoagulants and pain relievers. Human sensitivity varies from extreme allergic reactions to no reaction at all (about 20%). Bites usually produce swelling without red spots, but when many insects eat small areas, reddish spots may appear after the swelling subsides.
Although in certain cold conditions, adult bed bugs can live more than a year without eating, in warm conditions they usually try to feed at intervals of five to ten days, and adults can survive for about five months without food. The younger instar can not last long, although the newly hatched first instar can survive for weeks without eating blood.
At the 57th annual meeting of the American Entomological Association in 2009, a new generation of pesticide-resistant bed bugs in Virginia reportedly survived for only two months without eating.
DNA from human blood foods can be recovered from bed bugs up to 90 days, meaning they can be used for forensic purposes in identifying on whom the bed mattress ticks.
Physiology of intake
A bedbug penetrates the skin of its host with the wicked stem, pulpit, or "beak". The pulpit consists of maxillae and mandibles, which have been modified into elongated forms of the basic ancestor style. The right and left maxillary strokes are connected to the midline and the midline portion forms the larger food channels and smaller salivary channels. The entire bundle of the upper jaw and mandibles penetrates the skin.
The ends of the right and left maxillary styles are not the same; right like hooks and curved, and left straight. The right and left mandible style stretched along the outer edges of each upper jaw styles and did not reach the end of the molest maxillary stylet. The styles are stored in a groove in the labium, and during meals, they are released from the groove as the jointed labium is bent or folded out of the way; the tip never entered the wound.
The mandibular stiletum end has a small tooth, and alternately by moving the hoists back and forth, the insect cuts the path through the tissue for the maxillary bundle to reach the right-sized blood vessels. The pressure from the blood vessels itself fills the insects with blood in three to five minutes. The bug then pulls the stylet bundle from the feeding position and retracts back into the labial groove, folding the entire unit back under the head, and returning to its hiding place. It takes between five and ten minutes for bed bugs to become completely full of blood. Overall, insects can spend less than 20 minutes in physical contact with their host, and do not try to feed again until it has finished molt or, if an adult, has actually digested the food.
Reproduction
North Carolina State University found that bedbugs are different from most other insects that allow incest and are able to genetically defend against inbreeding effects quite well. Bedbugs sometimes try to mate with other males and pierce their stomachs. This behavior occurs because the sexual interest in mattress ticks is based primarily on size, and the male does the pairing on a newly fed couple regardless of gender.
All bed bugs mate with traumatic insemination. The female flea has a functioning reproductive tract during oviposition, but males do not use this channel for sperm insemination. Instead, men pierce the belly of women with their hypodermic penis and ejaculate into the body cavity. In all species of bedbugs except Primicimex cavernis, sperm is injected into the mesospermalege, the spermalen component, the secondary genital structures that reduce the injury and immunologic costs of traumatic insemination. Injection of sperm travel through haemolymph (blood) to a sperm storage structure called conceptual seminalis, with fertilization finally taking place in the ovary.
The "pheromone bed bug alarm" consists of ( E ) - 2-octal and ( E ) - 2-hexenal. This is released when bed bugs are disturbed, such as when attack by predators. A 2009 study shows alarm pheromones also released by male bidur insects to expel other males who seek to mate with them.
Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus mate each other given a chance, but the eggs produced are usually sterile. In a 1988 study, one of 479 fertile eggs and produced a hybrid, Cimex hemipterus ÃÆ'â € " lectularius .
Sperm protection
Cimex lectularius men have environmental microbes in their genitals. These microbes damage sperm cells, so they can not fertilize female gametes. Because of these harmful microbes, males have evolved antimicrobial ejaculatory agents that prevent sperm damage. When microbes contact sperm or male genitalia, sleeping insects release antimicrobial agents. Many of these microbial species live in the female body after mating. Microbes can cause infection in females. It has been suggested that women receive the benefits of ejaculation. Although the benefits are indirect, women are able to produce more eggs than optimally increasing the number of female genes in gene pools.
Sperm and semen fluid allocation
In organisms, sexual selection extends through differential reproduction to affect sperm composition, sperm competition, and ejaculation size. Men from C. lectularius allocated 12% of their sperm and 19% of their semen per marriage. Because of these findings, Reinhard et. al suggests that many matings are limited by semen and not sperm. After measuring ejaculatory volume, mating rates and estimating sperm density, Reinhardt et al. shows that mating can be limited by semen. Despite these advances, the cost difference between ejaculatory dose dependence and mating frequency dependence has not yet been explored.
Egg production
Men fertilize females only by traumatic insemination into a structure called ektospermalege (Berlese organ, but Ribaga organ, as it was first mentioned, was first defined as a stridulation organ.) Both names are not descriptive, so other terminology is used). At fertilization, a woman's ovary is complete, showing that sperm play a role other than fertilizing an egg. Fertilization also allows for the production of eggs through the corpus allatum. Sperm remains alive in the female spermathecae (better term is concept), sperm carrier pouch, for long periods of time as the body temperature is optimal. The female eggs lay eggs until they finish the sperm found in the concept. After the thinning of sperm, he put some sterile eggs. The number of eggs a C. lectularius of females does not depend on the sperm he places, but on the level of female nutrition.
Pheromone alarm
In C. lectularius , men occasionally mount other men because male sexual attraction is directed at each newly fed individual regardless of their gender, but unbounded women can also be installed. Traumatic insemination is the only way for copulation to occur in bed bugs. Females have evolved spermalen to protect themselves from injury and infection. Because men do not have these organs, traumatic insemination can cause them to be seriously injured. For this reason, men have developed an alarm pheromone to signal their gender to other men. If a man C. lectularius boarded another man, the man who fitted off the pheromone signal and the man above stopped before insemination.
Females are able to produce pheromone alarms to avoid many marriages, but they generally do not do it. Two reasons are asked why women do not release the alarm pheromones to protect themselves. First, the production of pheromone alarms is expensive. Due to egg production, women can refrain from spending additional energy on the alarm pheromone. The second proposed reason is that releasing pheromone alarms reduces the benefits associated with multiple marriages. The benefits of multiple marriages include material benefits, better quality of food or more nutrients, genetic benefits including increased hereditary fitness, and finally, the cost of resistance may be higher than the benefits of approval - which appear in cases in Life stage
Bedbugs have five stages of the immature nymph life and the last mature adult stage. They release their skin through ecdysis at each stage, throwing out their exoskeleton, which is rather obvious, empty exoskeletons from the bug itself. Bed bugs have to molt six times before becoming fertile adults, and should consume at least one blood meal to complete each molt.
Each immature stage lasts about a week, depending on the temperature and availability of food, and the complete life cycle can be completed in just two months (rather long compared to other ectoparasites). Fertilized females with enough food to lay three to four eggs daily continuously until the end of their lifetime (about nine months in warm conditions), may produce as many as 500 eggs today. Genetic analysis suggests that one pregnant bedbug, perhaps the only survivor of extermination, can be responsible for the entire tick for several weeks, rapidly generating generational offspring.
Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism occurs in C. lectularius , with females larger than the average males. Abdominal sexes differ in that men seem to have a "pointed" stomach, which is actually their copulating organ, while women have a more rounded stomach. Because men are attracted to large body sizes, any bugs sleeping with blood food recently can be seen as a potential mate. However, men will be waiting for him, flat females on occasion. The female is able to curl her belly forward and down toward the head not to marry. Men generally can not distinguish between the sexes until after installation, but before insemination.
Host search
C. lectularius only feeds every five to seven days, which indicates that he has not spent much of his life looking for a host. When bed bugs starve, he leaves the shelter and searches for the host. If successful, he returns to his shelter. If it does not feed, it keeps searching for the host. After searching - regardless of whether to eat or not - bed bugs go back to the shelter to be combined before the photophase (light period during the day-night cycle). Reis argues that two reasons explain why C. lectularius will return to the shelter and collect after being fed. One is finding a partner and the other is looking for a shelter to avoid being destroyed after a meal.
Aggregation and spread behavior
C. lectularius aggregates under all stages of life and mating conditions. Bed bugs can choose to aggregate because of predation, resistance to drought, and more opportunities to find a partner. Air pheromones are responsible for aggregation. Other aggregation sources can be recognition of other Cs. lectularius bugs through the mechanoreceptors located in their antenna. Aggregation is formed and dissolved based on related costs and benefits. Women are more often found separately from aggregation than men. Women are more likely to expand the reach of the population and find new sites. The division of active females can explain treatment failure. Men, when found in areas with multiple females, leave aggregation to find new partners. Men pull out the aggregated pheromones into the air that attract virgin females and catch other males.
Detect
Bed bugs can exist on their own, but tend to gather once established. Although very parasitic, they only spend a fraction of their life cycle that is physically attached to the host. Once the bed bug finishes eating, it moves to a place close to a known host, usually on or near the bed or sofa in groups of adults, teenagers, and eggs - the entomologist calls the area a refuge or just a place to live the insects back after the future of breastfeeding by following the traces of chemistry. These places can vary greatly in formats, including luggage, in vehicles, inside furniture, between cluttered beds - even in electrical sockets and laptop computers nearby. Bedbugs can also be nesting near animals nesting in dwellings, such as bats, birds, or rodents. They are also able to survive on domestic cats and dogs, although humans are the preferred host of C. lectularius .
Bed bugs can also be detected by their distinctive smell of rotting raspberries. Bed bugs detection dogs are trained to determine the infestation, with a possible degree of accuracy between 11% and 83%. Homemade detectors have been developed.
Management
Bed bugs are very hard to remove. This often requires a combination of non-pesticide approaches and the use of insecticides.
Mechanical approaches, such as vacuuming insects and massaging or wrapping mattresses, are effective. One hour at 45 ° C (113 ° F) or more, or two hours less than -17 ° C (1 ° F) kills them. These may include domestic clothing dryers for fabric or commercial steamers. Bedbugs and their eggs will die on contact when exposed to surface temperatures above 180 degrees and steamers can reach well above 230 degrees. A study found a 100% mortality rate for bed bugs exposed at temperatures over 50 ° C (122 ° F) for more than 2 minutes. This study recommends maintaining temperatures above 48 ° C for more than 20 minutes to effectively kill all stages of the bed bug life, and because in practice a treatment time of 6 to 8 hours is used to account for indoor gaps and chaos. This method is expensive and causes a fire. Their hunger is ineffective because they can survive without eating for 100 to 300 days, depending on the temperature. For public health reasons, individuals are encouraged to call professional pest control services to eradicate bed bugs at home, rather than trying to do it themselves, especially if they live in a family building.
In 2012, no insecticides are really effective. Insecticides that have historically been found to be effective include pyrethroid, dichlorvos, and malathion. Resistance to pesticides has increased significantly over time, and the health hazards of its use are of concern. Propoxur carbamate insecticides are highly toxic to sleeping insects, but have potential toxicities to exposed children, and the US Environmental Protection Agency is reluctant to approve its use indoors. Boric acid, sometimes used as insecticide in a safe room, is ineffective against sleeping insects because they are not nursing. Mushroom Beauveria bassiana is being investigated in 2012 for its ability to control bed bugs. As bed bugs continue to adapt to pesticide resistance, researchers have examined the genome of insects to see how their adaptations evolve and look for potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited in their growth and developmental phases.
Predator
Natural enemies of sleeping insects include masked masked insects (also known as "masked masked hunters"), cockroaches, ants, spiders (especially Thanatus flavidus), mites, and centipedes (especially centipedes) Scutigera coleoptrata ). However, biological pest control is not considered practical for removing bed bugs from human habitation.
Epidemiology
Bed bugs are happening all over the world. The rate of infestation in developed countries, while declining from the 1930s to the 1980s, has increased dramatically since the 1980s. Previously, they were common in developing countries, but rarely in developed countries. Improvements in developed countries may be due to increased international travel, insecticide resistance, and the use of new pest control methods that do not affect bed bugs.
The exact cause of this resurrection remains unclear; it is assumed to be derived from larger foreign travel, increased immigration from developing countries to developed countries, more frequent exchange of used furniture among homes, greater focus on other pest control, resulting in the elimination of bed bug controls, and improving resistance to pesticides. The decline in household cockroach population resulting from the effective use of insecticides against these predominant bed bug predators has helped revive insects, having banned DDT and other potent pesticides.
The fall of the population of bedbugs after the 1930s in developed countries is believed in part due to the use of DDT to kill cockroaches. The invention of a vacuum cleaner and the simplification of furniture design may also play a role. Others believe it may be just the cyclical nature of the organism.
The common sleeping bug ( C. Lectularius ) is the species most suited to the human environment. It is found in temperate climates around the world. Other species including Cimex hemipterus, found in the tropics, which also attack poultry and bats, and Leptocimex boueti, are found in tropical regions of West Africa and South America, which attack bats. and humans. Cimex pilosellus and Cimex pipistrella primarily occupy bats, while Haematosiphon inodora , a species of North America, especially attacking poultry.
In November 2016, a media report noted that the tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus , which had been extirpated from the country during World War II, were found in Brevard County, Florida and were expected to spread in distribution in the United States.
History
C. lectularius probably originated in the Middle East in caves occupied by bats and humans.
Bed bugs are mentioned in ancient Greece as early as 400 BC, and later mentioned by Aristotle. Pliny's
Bed bugs were first mentioned in Germany in the 11th century, in France in the 13th century, and in England in 1583, although they remained rare in England until 1670. Some in the 18th century believed that bed bugs had taken to London with wood supplies to rebuild the city after the Great Fire of London (1666). Giovanni Antonio Scopoli recorded their presence in Carniola (roughly equivalent to Slovenia today) in the 18th century.
Traditional methods of repression and/or sleeping insects include the use of plants, mushrooms, and insects (or extracts), such as black pepper; black cohosh ( Actaea racemosa ); Pseudarthria hookeri ; Laggera alata (Chinese yÃÆ'¡ngmÃÆ'¡o c? o | ???); Eucalyptus oil is ; henna ( Lawsonia inermis or camphire); "Oil infusion of Melolontha vulgaris " (possibly cockchafer); fly agaric ( Amanita muscaria ); Actaea spp. (eg black cohosh); tobacco; "Terebinthina hot oil" (ie true turpentine); mint wild ( Mentha arvensis ); Small leafy pepper ( Lepidium ruderale ); Myrica spp. (eg bayberry); Robert Geranium ( Geranium robertianum ); bugbane ( Cimicifuga spp.); "herbs and cereals cannabis "; "opulus" berry (possibly maple or European cranberrybush); masked bug hunters ( Reduvius personatus ), "and many others".
In the mid-19th century, smoke from peat fires was recommended as indoor domestic fumigants against bed bugs.
Dust has been used to ward off insects from grain storage for centuries, including plant ash, limestone, dolomite, certain soil types, and diatoms or Kieselguhr soils. Among other things, diatomaceous earth in particular has seen a resurgence as a ponticide of nontoxic residues (when in amorphous form) for the reduction of bed bugs. While diatomaceous earth performs poorly, silica gel may be effective.
Work-cart baskets were placed around the bed and shaken in the morning in England and in France in the 19th century. Loss of plants with microscopic hairs around the bed at night, then sweep them in the morning and burn them, is a reported technique used in Southern Rhodesia and in the Balkans.
The bean leaves have been used historically to trap bedbugs in homes in Eastern Europe. Trichoma on the leaf nuts catches the insect by piercing the foot (tarsi) from the insect. The leaves are then destroyed.
20th century
Before the mid-20th century, bed bugs were very common. According to a report by the UK Health Ministry, in 1933, all homes in many areas had maternal infestation rates. An increase in the population of bedbugs in the early 20th century has been attributed to the emergence of electric heating, which allows sleeping insects to develop throughout the year, not just in warm weather.
Bed bugs were a serious problem at US military bases during World War II. Initially, the problem was solved by fumigation, using Zyklon Discoids that released hydrogen cyanide gas, a rather dangerous procedure. Later, DDT is used for good effect.
The decline in population of bedbugs in the 20th century is often credited to potent pesticides that were not previously widely available. Other contributing factors that are less frequently mentioned in news reports are increased public awareness and slum cleanup programs that incorporate the use of pesticides with steam disinfection, the relocation of slum dwellers into new housing, and in some cases also follow-up for several months after relocated tenants moved into their new housing.
Resurgence
Bed bug infestations have resurfaced since the 1980s for no apparent reason, but contributing factors may be complacency, increased resistance, pesticide restrictions, and increased international travel. The US National Pest Management Association reported a 71% increase in bug bed calls between 2000 and 2005. The number of incidents reported in New York City alone increased from 500 in 2004 to 10,000 in 2009. In 2013, Chicago listed as number 1 cities in the United States with the worst sleep bed infestations. As a result, the Chicago City Council passed a bed bug control rule to limit its spread. In addition, bed bugs reach places where they were never established before, such as southern South America.
One recent theory about the reappearance of bugs in the US is that they never really disappear, but may have been forced into alternative hosts. Consistent with this is the finding that DNA bed bugs do not show evidence of evolutionary obstacles. Furthermore, researchers have found a high population of mattress ticks at poultry facilities in Arkansas. Poultry workers at this facility may spread bed bugs, unknowingly bringing them to their residence and elsewhere after leaving work.
Society and culture
- "Good night, sleep well, do not let bugs bite" is a word some people read before they sleep.
- Bed bug secretions can inhibit the growth of some bacteria and fungi; antibacterial components of bed bugs can be used against human pathogens, and become the source of pharmacologically active molecules as a resource for new drug discovery.
- The Bedbug (Russian: ????, Klop) is a play by Vladimir Mayakovsky written in 1928-1929.
References
Further reading
- Stephen Doggett. Practice Code for Bed Bug Control in Australia . Draft 4th edition, ICPMR & amp; AEPMA, Sydney Australia, September 2011. ISBNÃ, 1-74080-135-0. "Bed Bug Home Page". Bedbug.org.au. October 14, 2005 . Retrieved November 11 2013 .
External links
- Bed bug on the University of Florida/IFAS Feature Creatures website
- Pollack, Richard; Alpert, Gary (2005). "Bedbugs: Biology and Management". Harvard School of Public Health. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010 . Retrieved June 21 2010 .
- National Geographic Segment on Bed bugs on YouTube
- Bed Bug Fact Sheet highlights prevention tips and information about habits, habitats and health threats
- Bed bugs - University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital Department of Entomology Medicine
- Understanding and Controlling Bed Bugs - National Pesticide Information Center
- CISR: Invasive Species Research Center More information on Bed Bugs, with lots of photos and videos
- EPA bedbugs information page
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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