Windshield wiper or Windshield wiper (American English) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice and flakes from the windshield or windshield. Almost all motor vehicles, including cars, trucks, railroad locomotives, boats with cabins and several aircraft, are equipped with such wipers, which are usually legal requirements.
Wipers generally consist of a metal arm, rotating at one end and with a long rubber blade attached to the other end. The arm is powered by a motor, often an electric motor, although pneumatic strength is also used in some vehicles. The blades swing back and forth on the glass, pushing water or other deposition from the surface. Speeds can usually be adjusted, with some continuous speed and often one or more "intermittent" settings. Most cars use two synchronized radial sleeves, while many commercial vehicles use one or more pantograph sleeves.
In some vehicles, the windshield washer system is also used. This system sprays water or anti-frosted window wash liquid on the windshield using several nozzles. The windshield washer system helps remove dirt or dust from the windshield when used in conjunction with the eraser blades. When an antifreeze glass glass washer is used, it can help the wipers to remove snow or ice. For winter conditions, some vehicles have additional heaters intended for window or heating wire embedded in the glass. This defroster system helps keep snow and ice from forming on the windshield. In rare cases, a miniature wiper is mounted on the headlights.
Video Windscreen wiper
Histori
Versi awal
The first design for windshield wipers is credited to the Polish concert pianist JÃÆ'³zef Hofmann, and Mills Munitions, Birmingham which also claims to be the first to patent the windshield wipers in the UK. At least three inventors protected the windshield wipers at about the same time in 1903; Mary Anderson, Robert Douglass, and John Apjohn. In April 1911, patents for windshield wipers were registered by Sloan & amp; Lloyd Barnes, Liverpool patent agent, UK, for Gladstone Adams from Whitley Bay.
American inventor Mary Anderson is popularly credited with designing the first operational windshield eraser in 1903. In Anderson's patent, he called his invention a "window cleaner" for electric cars and other vehicles. Operated through a lever from the vehicle, the wiper version of the glass is very similar to the windshield wipers found in many early car models. Anderson had his design model manufactured, then filed a patent (US 743,801) on 18 June 1903 issued to him by the US Patent Office on 10 November 1903.
A similar tool was recorded 3 months before Anderson's patent, with Robert A Douglass filing a patent for "cabin-window locomotives" on March 12, 1903.
The inventor of the Irish-born James Henry Apjohn (1845-1914) patented "Car Cleaning Equipment, Automobile Car, and other Windows" expressed using a brush or wiper and can be motor driven or hand-driven. The brush or wiper is meant to clean both up and down or just one direction on the vertical window. Apjohn's discovery had a priority date in England on October 9, 1903.
John R. Oishei (1886-1968) formed Tri-Continental Corporation in 1917. The company introduced the first windshield wiper, Rain Rubber, for two-piece windshields that were placed in many cars at the time. Today, Trico Products is one of the world's leading manufacturers of windshield wipers, wiper blades and glass refills, with eraser plants on five continents. Bosch has the world's largest wind turbine mill in Tienen, Belgium, which produces 350,000 wiper blades daily.
Inventor William M. Folberth and his brother, Fred, filed a patent application for an automatic windshield apparatus in 1919, granted in 1922. This was the first automated mechanism developed by Americans, but this original discovery was caused by another to Hawaiian, Ormand Wall. Trico then settled a patent dispute with Folberth and bought the Folberth company in Cleveland, Folberth Auto Specialty Co. The newly-powered vacuum system quickly became the standard equipment of the car, and the vacuum principle was used until about 1960. In the late 1950s, a common feature on modern vehicles first appeared, operating the wipers automatically for two or three times through when the washer button the windscreen is pressed, so there is no need to turn the wiper manually too. Today, an electronic timer is used, but initially a small vacuum cylinder that is mechanically connected to a switch provides a delay when the vacuum leaks.
Intermittent wiper
The inventor of an intermittent wiper is probably Raymond Anderson who, in 1923, proposed an electro-mechanical design. (US Patent 1,588,399). In 1958, Oishei et al. applying for a patent describing the electro-mechanical, thermal and hydraulic design. (US Patent 2,987,747). Then in 1961 John Amos, an engineer for the British automotive engineering company, Lucas Industries, applied for the first patent to England for solid-state electronic design. (See US Patent 3,262,042).
In 1963, another intermittent wiper was created by Robert Kearns, a professor of engineering at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. Kearns design is meant to mimic the function of the human eye, which blinks only once every few seconds. In 1963, Kearns built his first intermittent eraser system using off-the-shelf electronic components. In Kearns design, the interval between tissues is determined by the flow rate of the current into the capacitor. When the charge on the capacitor reaches a certain voltage, the capacitor is released, activating the eraser motor for one cycle. Kearns showed his eraser to Ford Motor Company, and proposed the design. The Ford executive rejected Kearns' proposal, but later offered a similar design as an option on the company's Mercury line, starting with the 1969 model. Kearns sued Ford in a multi-year patent dispute that Kearns eventually won in court, inspiring the Flash 2009 film Flash of Genius .
In March 1970, CitroÃÆ'¡n introduced a rain-sensitive windshield wiper in their SM model. When the intermittent function is selected, the wipers will create a single friction. If the windshield is relatively dry, the eraser motor draws a high current, which regulates the control circuit regulator to delay the next maximum sweep. If the motor draws a slight current, it indicates that the glass was wet, setting the timer to minimize the delay.
Maps Windscreen wiper
Power
Wipers may be supported by various means, although most of the current use is powered by electric motors through a series of mechanical components, usually two 4-bar connections in series or parallel.
Vehicles with air-operated brakes sometimes use pneumatic wipers, which are activated by pressing a small amount of pressurized air from the brake system to a small air-operated motor mounted on or just above the windshield. This wiper is activated by opening a valve that allows pressurized air into the motor.
The initial wipers are often driven by a vacuum motor powered by a vacuum manifold. It has the disadvantage that the vacuum manifold varies depending on the throttle position, and almost nothing below the throttle is wide open, when the wipers will slow down or even stop. This problem is somewhat overcome by using a combined fuel/vacuum booster pump.
Some cars, mostly from the 1960s and 1970s, have hydraulically-driven wipers, especially Continental '61 -'69 Lincoln.
In previous CitroÃÆ'Â ¢ n 2CV, windshield wipers were powered by pure mechanical systems, cables connected to transmission; to reduce costs, this cable is also supported speedometer. The wiper's speed therefore varies with the speed of the car. When the car is waiting at the intersection, the wipers are not powered, but the grip below the speedometer allows the driver to turn it on by hand.
Geometry
Most wipers are pivot (or radial) types: they are connected to one arm, which in turn is fitted to the motor. These are commonly found in many cars, trucks, trains, ships, airplanes, etc.
Modern windshield wipers usually move in parallel (Fig 1, below). However, various Mercedes-Benz models and other cars such as Volkswagen Sharan use wipers configured to move in opposite directions (Figure 2), which are mechanically more complex but can avoid leaving the unprotected windshield in front of the front. -a passenger. The cost benefits for car makers occur when wipers are configured to move in opposite directions do not need to be repositioned for cars exported to right-hand drive countries such as the UK and Japan.
Other glass eraser designs (Figure 6) are pantographs based, used on many commercial vehicles, especially buses with large window glass. The Pantograph Wiper has two arms for each blade, with the blade assembly itself supported on a horizontal rod that connects the two arms. One arm is attached to the motor, while the other is on an inactive shaft. The pantograph mechanism, while becoming more complex, allows the blades to cover more windshields on each swab. However, this also usually requires the wiper to be "parked" in the center of the windshield, where it may partially block the driver's view when not in use. Some car models sometimes use pantographic sleeves on the driver's side and normal arms for passengers. Triumph cars, Lexus and some USs use this method to include more glass areas where the windshield is wide enough but also very shallow. The reduced altitude of the windshield will require the use of a short wiper arm that will not have reach to the edge of the windshield.
Simple single blade arrangement with middle pivot (Figure 4) is commonly used on the rear windshield, as well as on the front of several cars. Mercedes-Benz pioneered the system (Figure 5) called "Monoblade", based on cantilevers, where one arm extends outward to reach the top corner of the windshield, and pulls at the tip and center of the stroke, sweeping out the M-shaped path. In this way, a single blade can cover more windshield, shifting any scrapes left over from the center of the windshield.
Some of the larger cars in the late 70s and early 80s, especially American LH car drivers, had a driver's pantograph eraser on the driver's side, with a conventional shaft on the passenger side. Asymmetric barrier settings are usually configured to clear more areas of the windshield on the driver's side, and so are most of the mirrors for left and right-drive vehicles (eg, Fig. 1 vs. Figure 10). One exception is found in the second generation of Renault Clio, Twingo and ScÃÆ'Â © nic as well as the BMW E60 5 Series and E63 6 Series, Peugeot 206 and Nissan Almera Tino, where the wipers are always swept towards the left. In the right-hand drive model, the connectors allow the right wiper to move out toward the windshield and clear more areas.
Other glass eraser geometries
- Works similar to Fig. 8 but not a separate screen glass and resting state are at the bottom of the windshield facing outwards.
- Alpine Renault A 310
- Panhard Dyna Z
Unusual eraser geometry
- Works like Figure 1, but uses a large single swab
- Audi A2
- Honda Today
- Renault Twingo I
- Citroen C1
- Peugeot 107
- Peugeot 108
- Toyota Aygo
- Lamborghini MurciÃÆ'Â © lago
- Lexus LFA
- McLaren MP4-12C
- Mitsubishi i
- Tata Nano
- Datsun Go
- Toyota Etios
Other automotive apps
Rear wiper
Some vehicles are equipped with wipers (with or without washing machine) in the rear window as well. Rear-window wipers are commonly found in hatchbacks, station wagons/estate, sport utility vehicles, minivans, and other vehicles with vertically oriented back windows that tend to accumulate dust. First offered in the 1940s, they gained widespread popularity in the 1970s after their introduction to Porsche 911 in 1966 and Volvo 145 in 1969.
Windshield wiper
In the 1960s, when interest in car safety increased, engineers began researching various headlamp cleaning systems. In late 1968, Chevrolet introduced high pressure headlamp washing machines on their various 1969 models. In 1970, Saab Automobile introduced wiper headlights in their various products. It operates on a horizontal reciprocating mechanism, with a single motor. They are then replaced by radial spindle action wiper mechanisms, with individual motors on each headlamp. In 1972, the headlamp cleaning system became mandatory in Sweden.
Headlamp wipers have disappeared but now with modern designs that only rely on pressurized water sprays to clean the headlights. This reduces production costs, minimizes aerodynamic obstacles, and complies with EU regulations that limit the use of headlamp erasers only for glass lens units (the majority of lenses are currently made of plastic).
Other features
Window washer
Most windshield wipers operate together with a windshield (or car windshield) washing machine; pumps that supply a mixture of water, alcohol, and detergents (a mixture called a windshield washer liquid) from the tank to the windshield. This fluid is removed through a small nozzle mounted on the hood. Conventional nozzles are commonly used, but some designs use fluidic oscillators to dissolve the fluid more effectively.
In warmer climates, water can also work, but can freeze in a colder climate, damaging the pump. Although the antifreeze of a car is chemically similar to a windshield wiper liquid, it should not be used as it may damage the paint. The earliest documented idea of ​​having a windshield wiper unit connected to a windshield washer reservoir was in 1931, Richland Auto Parts Co., Mansfield, Ohio. The Uruguayan racing driver and mechanic mechanic HÃ © pec Suppici Sedes developed a glass washer in the late 1930s.
Since 2012, nozzles have been replaced in many cars by a system called AquaBlade, developed by the Valeo company. This system supplies direct washing liquids from the eraser blade rubber element. This system suppresses visual disturbance during driving and reduces driver reaction time in case of incident.
Hidden Wipers
Some larger cars are equipped with hidden wipers (or garden-distressed wipers ). When the wiper is turned off in a standard non-concealed design, the "parking" mechanism or circuit moves the wiper to the lower lower part of the erased area near the bottom of the windshield, but is still visible. For designs that hide the wiper, the windshield extends beneath the rear edge of the hood, and the wipers park themselves under the swab range at the bottom of the windshield, but are not visible.
Rain-sensing wipers
Some vehicles are now available with windshield wipers that can be programmed with driver -ablemable that detects the presence and amount of rain using rain sensor. The sensor automatically adjusts the speed and frequency of the slats according to the amount of rain detected. These controls usually have a manual replacement.
Wind turbine windshield wipers appeared in various models at the end of the 20th century, one of the first being Citroen BC. In early 2006, rain-sensing wipers are optional or standard on all Cadillacs and most Volkswagens, and are available in many other mainstream producers.
Bladeless alternatives
A common alternative design used on ships, called a clear display screen, avoids the use of a rubber eraser blade. The round portion of the windshield has two layers, the outer part rotates at high speed to release water.
High-speed aircraft can use bleed air that uses compressed air from turbine engines to remove water, rather than mechanical wipers, to save weight and drag. The effectiveness of this method also depends on the water repellent treatment similar to Rain-X.
Legislation
Many jurisdictions have legal requirements that the vehicle is equipped with windshield wipers. Windscreen wipers may be the safety items required in car safety inspections. Some US states have a "wiper on, lit" rule for cars.
See also
- Additional power cars
- Squeegee
Note
References
External links
- How Wiper Windshield Works in HowStuffWorks
- Type Windshield Wiper
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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