The Eucharist ( ; also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper , among other names) is a Christian rite which is considered a sacrament in most churches and regulations in other. According to the New Testament, rites were instituted by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper; gave his disciples bread and wine during the Passover meal, Jesus commanded his followers to "do this in my memory" calling bread "my body" and wine as "my blood". Through the celebration of the Eucharist, Christians remember Christ's sacrifice upon himself on the cross and the apostles' decree at the Last Supper.
The elements of the Eucharist, bread (leavened or unleavened) and wine (or grape juice), are purified on the altar (or table) and consumed thereafter. Communicators (ie those who consume elements) can talk about "receiving the Eucharist", as well as "celebrating the Eucharist". Christians generally recognize Christ's special presence in this rite, though they differ about how exactly, where, and when Christ is present. While all agree that there is no real change in the elements, Roman Catholics believe that their substance really becomes the body and blood of Christ (transubstantiation). The Lutherans believe that the true body and blood of Christ is truly present "in, with, and under" the forms of bread and wine (sacramental union or, by some, consubstantiation). Reformed Christians believe in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Others, such as the Plymouth Brethren, took action to become only the symbolic refreshment of the Last Supper.
Regardless of the differences among Christians about various aspects of the Eucharist, there is, according to EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica , "more than a consensus among Christians about the meaning of the Eucharist rather than arising out of confession, the debate about the existence of the sacraments, Eucharistic effect, and proper protection where it can be celebrated. "
Video Eucharist
Terminology
Eucharist
Greek nouns ?????????? (eucaristia), meaning "thanksgiving", is not used in the New Testament as a name for the ceremony; however, the corresponding verbs are found in New Testament records of the Last Supper, including the earliest reports:
Because I received from God what I also told you, that Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, and when he was grateful (???????????), he violated it, and said, " This is my body for you. Do this to remember me. " (1 Corinthians 11: 23-24)
The term "Eucharist" (thanksgiving) is that the rite is referred to by Didache (the end of the 1st century or the beginning of the 2nd century), Ignatius of Antioch (who died between 98 and 117) and Justin Martyr (writing between 147 and 167). Today, the "Eucharist" is a name still used by Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian, and Lutheran. Other Protestant or Evangelical denominations rarely use this term, prefer "Communion", "Lord's Supper", or "Breaking the Bread".
Lord's Supper
Lord's Supper, in Greek ???????? ??????? ( Kyriakon deipnon ), was used in the early 50s of the 1st century, as witnessed by the First Epistle to Corinth (11: 20-21):
When you come together, it's not the Lord's Supper you eat, because when you eat, each one of you goes on without waiting for someone else. The one remained hungry, the other drunk.
Those who use the term "eucharist" rarely use the phrase "Lord's Supper", but that is the main term among evangelicals (Baptist and Pentecostal churches, who generally avoid using the term "Communion".
Holy Communion
'Holy Communion' (or simply 'Communion') is used by some groups from the Protestant Reformation which means the entire rite of the Eucharist. Others, like the Catholic Church, do not use this term for ritual, but instead means taking part of the consecrated elements: they are talking about receiving Holy Communion even outside the rite, and participating in rituals without receiving Holy Communion. The term "Communion" is derived from the Latin communio ("shared similarity"), which translates Greek ???????? ( coin? nÃÆ'a ) in 1 Corinthians 10:16 :
The cup of blessing which we bless, is not that the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread that we break, is not that communion of the body of Christ?
Other terms
Breaking Bread
The phrase (Greek: ??? ?????? ????? ) appears five times in the New Testament ( Luke 24:35 ; Acts 2:42 , 20: 7 and 20:11 ) in a context that, by some may refer to the celebration of the Eucharist, in closer or symbolic references further from the Last Supper. This is the term used by the Brethren Plymouth.
Sacraments or Blessed Sacrament
"The Most Blessed Sacrament" and "The Blessed Sacrament of the Altar" are common terms used by Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans (Anglo-Catholics) for consecrated elements, especially when reserved in a tabernacle. "Sacrament of the Altar" is commonly used also among the Lutherans. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the term "Sacrament" is used for ceremonies.
Mass
Mass is used in the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church (mainly in the Swedish Church, Norwegian Church, Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church), by many Anglicans (especially those from Anglo-Catholic churches), and in some other forms of Western Christianity. At least in the Catholic Church, Mass is a longer rite which always consists of two main parts: the Liturgy of the Word and the Eucharistic Liturgy, in that order. The Liturgy of the Word consists primarily of passages from scriptures and sermons preached by a priest or deacon and essentially different and separate from the Eucharistic Sacrament, composed of the entire Eucharistic Liturgy, so that the Eucharist itself is only about half of the Mass. (It is also possible and permissible in the Latin Rite for a priest to sanctify and distribute the Eucharist outside the ritual structure of the Mass - such events are often called communion services-but much more common to celebrate the full Mass.) Among the many other terms used in the Catholic Church are "Holy Mass", "Commemoration of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of the Lord", "Sacrifice of the Holy Mass", and "Holy Mystery." The term mass comes from the post- i "missa " dismissal ", is found in the closing phrase of the liturgy," Ite, missa est. "The term missa has come to imply a 'mission', because at the end of the church community sent to serving Christ.
Divine Liturgy and Divine Service
The term Divine Liturgy is used in the Byzantine Rite tradition, either in the Eastern Orthodox Church or among the Eastern Catholic Churches. It also speaks of the "Divine Mystery", especially those referring to the purified elements, which they also call "Holy Gifts".
The term Divine Service (Germany: Gottesdienst) is used in the Lutheran Church, in addition to the terms "Eucharist", "Mass" and "Holy Communion". This term reflects Lutheran belief that the liturgy is instituted by God.
Maps Eucharist
History
Biblical Basis
The Last Supper appears in the three Synoptic Gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke. This is also found in the First Epistle to the Corinthians, which shows how early Christians celebrated what the Apostle Paul called the Lord's Supper. Although the Gospel of John does not refer to the Last Supper explicitly, some argue that it contains a theological allusion to the early Christian celebration of the Eucharist, especially in chapter 6 Bread of Life Discourse but also elsewhere.
Paul the Apostle and Lord's Supper
In his first Epistle to the Corinthians (54-55), the Apostle Paul gives the earliest recorded description of the Last Supper: "Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, and when he was grateful he broke it and said, 'This is my body, which is for you. Do this to remember me. ' [1 Cor 11: 23-25] Those interested may note that the Greek word to remember is ???????????????? "anamnesis," which itself has a richer theological history than the English word for "remember.
Gospels
The synoptic gospels, Mark 14: 22-25 , Matthew 26: 26-29 and Luke 22: 13-20 , describe Jesus as the leader during The Last Supper before His crucifixion. Versions in Matthew and Mark are almost identical, but the Gospel of Luke presents a textual problem because some manuscripts ignore the second half of verse 19 and all verses 20 ("given to you... poured out for you"), found in most ancient witnesses to text. If the shorter text is the original, then Luke's story does not depend on Paul and Matthew/Mark. If most of the longer texts came from the third Gospel writers, this version is very similar to Paul in 1 Corinthians, which is somewhat more complete in his account of the early part of the Supper, especially in specifying the details of a cup. blessed before the bread is broken.
Uniquely, in a prayer given to posterity by Jesus, the Lord's Prayer, the word epiousios - not found in Classical Greek literature - has been interpreted as meaning "super-substantial", and is most literally interpreted as referring to the Bread of Life, Eucharist.
However, in the Gospel of John, the story of the Last Supper does not mention Jesus taking bread and "the cup" and speaking of them as his body and blood; on the contrary, he recounted other events: his humble actions wash the feet of the disciples, the betrayal prophecy, which moves events that would lead to the cross, and his long discourse in response to some questions raised by his followers, where he continued to speak of the importance of the unity of the disciples with him, with one another, and with the Father. Some will find in this unity and in washing the deeper legs of meaning of the Communion bread in the other three Gospels. In John 6: 26-65 , evangelists relate Jesus' long sermon to the subject of the living bread and in verses 52-59 containing echoes of the Eucharistic language. The interpretation of this whole passage has been widely debated because of differences in theological and scientific opinions. Sir Edwyn Hoskyns notes three main schools of thought: (a) the language is metaphorical, and verse 63: "The Spirit gives life, the flesh is meaningless, the words I have given you - they are full of the Spirit and life" the writer; (b) vv 51-58 is an interpolation which can then not be aligned with the context; (c) discourse is homogeneous, sacrificial, and sacramental and can be harmonized, although not all efforts are satisfactory.
Agape Party
The expression the Lord's Supper , comes from the use of St. Paul in 1 Cor. 11: 17-34 , may initially refer to an Agape party (or a feast of love), a joint meal with which the Eucharist initially associates. The Agape party is mentioned in Jude 12 but the Lord's Supper is now commonly used in reference to celebrations that exclude food other than sacramental bread and wine.
Didache (Greek: teaching) is an early Church treatise that includes instructions for Baptism and the Eucharist. Most scholars date until the end of the 1st century, and distinguish it from two different Eucharistic traditions, earlier traditions in chapters 10 and later that precede it in chapter 9. The Eucharist is mentioned again in chapter 14.
Ignatius of Antioch (born around the year 35 or 50, died between 98 and 117), one of the Apostolic Fathers, calls the Eucharist "the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ," and Justin Martyr speaks of it as more than eating: The food upon which the prayer of thanksgiving, the word received from Christ, has been said... is the flesh and blood of Jesus who became flesh... and the deacon brings some to those who are not present. "
Paschasius Radbertus (785-865) is a Carolingian theologian, and the abbot of Corbie, whose most famous and influential work is an exposition of the nature of the Eucharist, written about 831, titled De Corpore et Sanguine Domini Patrologia Latina vol. 120 (1852).
eucharistic theology
Most Christians, even those who deny that there is a real change in the elements used, recognize Christ's special presence in this rite. But Christians are different about how exactly, where and how long Christ is present in it. Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Eastern Church teach that the reality ("substance") of the elements of bread and wine is completely transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, while apparitions ("species") remain Orthodox uses various terms such as Transcendation, there is no official 'explanation' because they prefer to leave it as a mystery: transubstantiation is rejected as a philosophical definition and suspected because of the idea of ​​magical substance Transubstantiation (change of reality) is a term used by Catholics to show what which is changed, not to explain how changes occur, for the Catholic Church teaches that "the signs of bread and wine become, in a way beyond the understanding , the Body and Blood of Christ." Lutherans and Reformed Christians believe that all Christ, including the body and blood of Jesus, is present at the banquet, a concept known as the elders n sacramental. The Lutherans mention that Christ "in, with and under" the forms of bread and wine. Anglican people obey a variety of views even though the teachings in the Articles of Religion state that the body of Christ is accepted by believers only in a heavenly and spiritual way. Some Christians reject the concept of real presence, believing that the Eucharist is merely a memorial of the ceremony or the memorial of Christ's death.
The Document of Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry of the World Council of Churches, attempts to present a general understanding of the Eucharist on the part of the Christian announcement, describing it as "essentially the sacrament of the gift which God made us in Christ through power The Holy Spirit "," Thanksgiving to the Father "," Anamnesis or Memorial Christ "," the sacrament of the unique sacrifice of Christ, who once lived to make intercession for us "," Sacrament of the body and blood of Christ, the sacrament of his real presence "," Holy "," The Communion of the Faithful, "and" Eat the Kingdom. "
Rituals and liturgy
Many Christian denominations classify the Eucharist as a sacrament. Some Protestants (though not all) prefer to call it ordinance , view it not as a special channel of divine mercy but as an expression of faith and obedience to Christ.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church teaches that once ordained in the Eucharist, the elements cease to be bread and wine and become â € Å"Body, Blood, Soul and Divinityâ € Christ, â € Å"all and wholeâ € is indeed under the species of bread, and wine, through a conversion called transubstantiation. Each is accompanied by another and by the soul and divinity of Christ, as long as the Eucharistic species live, that is, until the Eucharist is ingested, physically destroyed, or decayed by some natural process (at that time Aquinas argued that the substance of the bread and wine can not be returned). The empirical appearance and physical nature (called species or accident) remain unchanged, but in Catholic view, reality (called substance ) is indeed; then the term transubstantiation to describe the phenomenon. The consecration of bread (known as the Host) and wine represent the separation of the Body of Jesus from His Blood at Calvary. However, as he has risen, the Church teaches that His Body and Blood can no longer be completely separated. Where is one, the other must. Therefore, although the priest (or extraordinary minister of Holy Communion) says "the Body of Christ" when administering Master and "the Blood of Christ" when presenting a cup, the communicant who accepts one receives Christ, whole and whole.
The Catholic Church sees as the main basis for these beliefs of Jesus' own words at his Last Supper: the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 26: 26-28 Mark 14: 22-24 ; < span> Luke 22: 19-20 ) and Saint Paul's 1Ã, Cor.Ã, 11: 23-25 ​​â € <â € <) tells that in that context Jesus said about what which should all appearances are bread and wine: "This is my body... this is my blood." The Catholic understanding of these words, beginning with the Patristic writers, has emphasized their roots in the history of the Old Testament covenant. The interpretation of Christ's words against this Old Testament background mingles with and supports the belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
In 1551, the Council of Trent definitively declared, "Because Christ our Redeemer says that it is really his body which he offers under the species of bread, the soup is always became the belief of the Church of God, and this holy Council now declares again that through the consecration of the bread and wine there is the transformation of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord and the whole substance of wine into the substance of his blood.This change Holy Catholic Church has been appropriately and appropriately called transubstantiation. "The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 has spoken of" Jesus Christ, whose body and blood are actually contained in the sacrament of the altar under the form of bread and wine, the bread is being changed ( transsubstantiatis ) by force divine into the body and wine into the blood. "Attempts by some 20th-century Catholic theologians to present Eucharistic changes as per a change of significance (transignification rather than transubstantiation) was rejected by Pope Paul VI in his 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei . In his 1968 Credo of the People of God, he reiterates that any theological explanation of doctrine must hold to the double claim that, after the consecration, 1) the body and blood of Christ are truly present; and 2) the bread and wine are completely non-existent; and this presence and absence are real and not just something in the minds of believers.
Upon entering a church, Latin Catholic Catholics knelt in a tabernacle that housed a sanctified host to respectfully acknowledge Jesus' presence in the Blessed Sacrament, a presence marked by a sacred sanctuary lamp or votive candle that continues to burn near the tabernacle. (If there is no light, it indicates that the tabernacle is empty of Jesus' special presence in the Eucharist.) Catholics also often kneel or sit in front of the tabernacle, when the light of the sanctuary is lit, to pray directly to Jesus, materially present in the form Eucharist. Similarly, the host of the consecrated Eucharist - unleavened bread - is sometimes exposed on the altar, usually in an ornamental tool called the Monstrance, so that Catholics can pray or contemplate in the immediate presence and in the direct view of Jesus in the Eucharist; this is sometimes called "the exposition of the Blessed Sacrament," and prayer and contemplation before the open Eucharist is often called "the adoration of the Most Blessed Sacrament" or simply "adoration." All these practices stem from the belief in the Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist, which is an important Article of the Faith of the Catholic Church.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
In Eastern Christianity, the service of the Eucharist is called the Divine Liturgy (Holy Rite) or similar names in other rites. It consists of two main divisions: the first is the Liturgy of the Catechism composed of litany of introduction, antiphon and scripture reading, culminating in the reading of one of the Gospels and, often, a homily; the second is the Liturgy of the Faith in which the Eucharist is offered, sanctified, and received as Holy Communion. In the latter, the actual Eucharistic prayer is called anaphora, literally: "offer" or "bring" ( ??? -? ??? ). In the Rite of Constantinople, two different anaphories are now used: one associated with St. John Chrysostom, the other for St. Basil the Great. In the Oriental Orthodox Church, various anaphories are used, but they are all similar in structure to the Ritual of Constantinople, where Anaphora of Saint John Chrysostom is used almost every day of the year; Saint Basil is offered on Sunday Great Lent, Christmas Eve and Theophany, Holy Thursday, Holy Saturday, and on feast (1 January). At the end of Anafora bread and wine are held as the Body and Blood of Christ. Unlike the Latin Church, the Byzantine Rite uses leavened bread, with yeast representing the presence of the Holy Spirit. The Armenian Apostolic Church, like the Latin Church, uses unleavened bread.
Conventional changes in these elements are understood to be resolved in the Epiclesis (Greek: "prayer") where the Holy Spirit is called and the consecration of bread and wine as the true and genuine Body and Blood of Christ is specifically requested, but because anaphora as a whole is regarded as a prayer of unity (though long), no single moment in it can be immediately chosen.
Protestant
Anglican
The theology of the Anglican Eucharist is not merely a memorialist (the belief that nothing special happens at the Lord's Supper other than reflection on the afterthought of Christ's death). The edition of the Book of Common Prayer from 1559 onwards repeatedly refused to define the Presence most commonly referred to as the spiritual food of the Most Precious Body and Blood. Administrative Words are allowed for the interpretation of Real Existence. Consecration affects a change, Christ is present objectively that does not depend on the recipient's faith, but the Church refuses to define 'how' (and still does) request that the bread and wine 'become' the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ rather than 'being.'
The so-called 'Black Rubrics' in the Prayer Book 1552 that allows kneeling for fellowship but denying the real and important presence of Christ in the elements is omitted in 1559. It was re-established in 1662 The book was modified to reject the physical presence to suggest Christ is present in the Body its nature. Bread and wine are regarded as an outward symbol of the spiritual and spiritual gifts received by the faithful as a means of God's grace and the offering of Jesus to the communicant.
In most parishes of the Anglican Communion, the Eucharist is celebrated every Sunday, after replacing the morning prayer as the primary ministry. Rituals for the Eucharist are found in various prayer books of Anglican churches. Unleavened wine and wafer or unleavened bread is used. Daily celebrations are the norm in many cathedrals and parish churches sometimes offer one or more Holy Communion services for a week. The character of the liturgy varies according to the theological tradition of priests, parishes, dioceses and regional churches.
Baptist group
The bread and "grapes" shown in Matthew, Mark and Luke as elements of the Lord's Supper are defined by many Baptists as unleavened bread (though leaven is often used) and, in line with the historical stance of some Baptist groups (since the mid-century 19th) against taking part of the alcoholic beverage, grape juice, which they usually refer to simply as "Cup". Unleavened bread also underscores the symbolic belief associated with Christ breaking bread and saying that it is his body. Soda crackers are often used.
Most Baptists regard Communion primarily as an act of remembering Christ's atonement, and a time of renewal of personal commitment.
However, with the advent of Confessionism, some Baptists have rejected Zwinglian's doctrine of merely memorialism and have taken the view of the Communion Reformation. Confessional baptists believe in a pneumatic presence, expressed in the Second Baptist Confessions of London, in particular in Chapters 30, Articles 3 and 7. This view is prevalent among Southern Baptists, those in the Founders movement (Calvinistic movement in several Independent Baptists, Freewill Baptists, and some individuals in other Baptist associations.
The practice and frequency of communion vary among sessions. A typical practice is to drink a small cup of juice and a plate of bread that is broken into the congregation. In another congregation, the communicant can proceed to the altar to receive the elements, then return to their seats. A widely accepted practice is that everyone receives and holds the elements until everyone is served, then consumes bread and cups simultaneously. Usually, music is done and the Scriptures are read during the reception of the elements.
Some Closed-Communist Baptist churches (even requiring full membership in the church before taking part), with others partly or entirely open Communist. It is rare to find a Baptist church where the Lord's Supper is observed every Sunday; most people observe every month or three months, with some only holding Communion during the service of Communion or attending a service. Adults and children present, who have not made a confession of faith to Christ, are expected not to participate.
Lutheran
Lutherans believe that the body and blood of Christ "are truly and substantially present in, with and under the form" of the purified bread and wine (elements), so that the communion eat and drink Christ's own body and blood as well as bread and wine in this sacrament. The Lutheran doctrine of Real Presence is more accurate and formally known as the "sacramental union". This has been inaccurately called "consubstansiation". This term is specifically rejected by Lutheran churches and theologians for creating confusion about the true doctrine and the subject of doctrine to control non-biblical philosophical concepts in the same way as, in their view, what is the term "transubstantiation."
While the official movement is in Lutheran sessions to celebrate the weekly Eucharist, using a formal rite very similar to Catholic and "high" Anglican service, it is historically common for the congregation to celebrate monthly or even every three months. Even in the sessions where the Eucharist is offered every week, there is no requirement that every church service be a Eucharistic service, or that all members of the congregation should receive it every week.
Mennonites and Anabaptists
The Church of the German Traditional and Baptist Mennonites, Churches such as Churches and Congregational congregations have Agape Meal, foot wash and the presentation of bread and two-piece wine to Communion fellowship at Lovefeast. In more modern groups, Communion serves only the Lord's Supper. At the Lord's Supper, members of the Mennonite church renew their covenant with God and with one another.
Open Brethren and Exclusive Brethren
Among the open assemblies, also called the Plymouth Brethren, the Eucharist is more commonly called the Breaking of Bread or the Lord's Supper. It is seen as a symbolic warning and is a center of worship both individuals and assemblies. In principle, the service is open to all Christians baptized, but the individual's worthiness to participate depends on the views of each particular group. This service takes the form of non-liturgy, open worship with all male participants allowed to pray by voice and choose singing or reading. The breaking of bread itself usually consists of one leavened bread, which is prayed and broken by a participant in the meeting and then distributed. Wine is poured from one container into one or more ships, and this is shared again.
Exclusive Leaders follow a practice similar to the Open Brethren. They also call the Eucharist the Bread Delivery or the Lord's Supper.
Reformed/Presbyterian
In the Reformed Churches, the Eucharist is given in various ways. The Calvinist view of the sacrament sees the real presence of Christ in a different supper both from the objective ontological view of the Catholic view, and from the apparent absence of Christ and the mental memories of Zwinglians memorialism and their successors.
Bread and wine become the means by which the believer has a real fellowship with Christ in his death and the body and blood of Christ is present to the believer's faith just as bread and wine are present to their senses but this presence is "spiritual." "it is the work of the Holy Spirit There is no standard frequency: John Calvin wants a weekly fellowship, but the city council approves only monthly, and monthly celebrations have become the most common practice in the Reformed churches today.
Many, on the other hand, follow John Knox in the Lord's feast day every three months, to give the right time for reflection and inner consideration of the state and the sin of one's own. Recently, the Presbyterian and Reformed Church has considered whether to restore communion more often, including weekly communion in more churches, given that the rare fellowship comes from the grave of the Lord's Supper, rather than Calvin's view of the sacrament as a means of grace. Some churches use bread without collector agents (whether yeast or yeast), given the unleavened bread at Jewish Easter banquet, while others use the bread that is available.
The Presbyterian Church (USA), for example, regulates "common bread for culture". Feeling back to the principle of regulating worship, the Reformed tradition has long refused to receive communion, preferring to have the elements distributed throughout the congregation by the more elders (elders) in the common eating style. During the last half century it is much more common in Presbyterian churches to have monthly or monthly Holy Communion. It is also common to receive elements through intonation (accept a piece of bread or a sanctified wafer, dip it into a blessed wine, and drink it) Wine and grape juice are both used, depending on the congregation.
Most of the Reformed churches have open fellowship ", that is, all believers united to the church like faith and practice, and who are not living in sin, will be allowed to join in the sacrament.
Methodist
The Catechism for the use of the so-called Methodists states that, "[in the Eucharist] Jesus Christ is present with those who worship and give themselves to them as their Lord and Savior." The methodical theology of the sacrament is reflected in one of the fathers of the movement, Charles Wesley, who wrote a Eucharistic hymn with the following stanza:
- We need not now ascend to Heaven,
- To bring the long-sought Savior,
- You have all been given,
- You now have the crown of Your Supper:
- For every faithful soul appears,
- And show me your real presence here!
Reflecting Wesleyan's covenant theology, Methodists also believe that the Lord's Supper is the sign and seal of the covenant of grace. In many Methodist denominations, non-alcoholic wines (grape juice) are used, thus including those who do not drink alcohol for any reason, as well as a commitment to historical support of Church simplicity. Variations of Eucharistic Prayer are given for various occasions, including short and short forms of fellowship for events that require greater clarity. Although the ritual is standard, there is a great variation among the Methodist church, from the usual high church to low church, in ceremonies and celebration styles. Methodical pastors do not need to be held while celebrating the Eucharist.
John Wesley, founder of Methodism, says it is the Christian duty to receive the sacrament as often as possible. Methodists in the United States are encouraged to celebrate the Eucharist every Sunday, although it is usually celebrated on the first Sunday of each month, while some others apply during the quarterly celebrations (a tradition that comes from the time of circuit riders serving many churches). Communicant can accept standing, kneeling, or sitting. Gaining wider acceptance is the practice of receiving by introns (receiving a piece of bread or a sanctified wafer, dipping it in a blessed wine, and eating it). The most common alternative to the difference is for the communicant to receive a sanctified juice using a small, individually made, glass or plastic cup known as a communion cup. The United Methodist Church practiced open fellowship, inviting "all who desire the Christian life, together with their children" to receive Communion.
Nondenominational and other Christians
Many non-denominational Christians, including the Churches of Christ, receive communion every Sunday. Others, including evangelical churches like the Church of God, the Calvary Chapel, and many forms of Baptism, usually receive monthly or periodic communion. Many non-denominational Christians hold biblical autonomy from local churches and do not have universal requirements among the congregations.
Some Churches of Christ, among others, use wine juice and unleavened wafers or unleavened bread and practice open fellowship.
Other Christian Churches
Syriac
Holy Qurbana or Qurbana Qadisha, "Sacred Offering" or "Sacrifice", refers to the Eucharist as celebrated according to the Syrian Syrian and Western Syrian traditions of Syrian Christianity. The main anaphora of the East Syrian tradition is the Sacred Qurbana Addai and Mari, while the tradition of West Syria is the Liturgy of St. James. Both are very old, at least back to the third century, and are the oldest surviving liturgy that continues to be used.
Seventh-day Adventists
In the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Holy Communion service is usually celebrated once per quarter. This service includes the procedures for foot washing and the Lord's Supper. Unleavened bread and unfermented (non-alcoholic) grape juice is used. Open fellowship is done: all who have given their lives to the Savior can participate. Communion services should be performed by an ordained minister, pastor or church elder.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses commemorate Christ's death as a ransom or atonement sacrifice by observing the Anniversary annually on a night corresponding to the Passover, Nisan 14, according to the ancient Jewish calendar. They believe that this is the only annual religious celebration ordered for Christians in the Bible.
Of those who attended the Memorial, a small minority throughout the world partook of unleavened wine and bread. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 will receive the salvation of heaven and eternal life and thus spend eternity with God and Christ in heaven, as below priests and fellows under Christ the King and High Priest, in the Kingdom of Jehovah. Parallel to the anointing of kings and priests, they are called the "anointed class" and are the only ones who must partake of the bread and wine. They believe that the "other sheep" of Christ's flock also benefit from the ransom sacrifice, and are respectful observers of the Lord's Supper Warning, in the hope of receiving eternal life in the restored Paradise on the "New Earth."
The memorial, which takes place after sunset, includes a sermon on the meaning and importance of celebration and gathering, and includes circulation and seeing among the audiences of pure red wine and unleavened bread (matzo). Jehovah's Witnesses believe that bread symbolizes and represents the perfect body of Jesus Christ which he gives in the name of mankind, and that the wine represents his perfect blood redeeming the fallen man and the inherited death. Wine and bread (sometimes referred to as "emblems") are seen as symbols and warnings; Witnesses do not believe in transubstantiation or consubstantiation; so it is not the existence of flesh and blood literally in the emblem, but the symbol is merely a symbolism that denotes a spiritual reality.
Latter-day Saints
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), "Sacred Sacrament of the Lord's Supper", more simply called the Sacrament, is given every Sunday (except General Conference or other special Sunday meetings) in each LDS Ward or branch in the whole world at the beginning of the Sacrament meeting. The sacrament, which consists of bread and water (not wine or grape juice), is prepared by priesthood holders prior to the beginning of the meeting. At the beginning of the sacrament, the priests offered a special prayer to bless bread and water. The sacrament is inherited successively to the congregation by priesthood holders (usually deacons).
Prayers read for bread and water are found in the Book of Mormon and the Doctrine and Covenants. The prayer of the ancient Americans contains the above-mentioned points given by Jesus: "Always remember him, and keep his commandments... that they may always have His Spirit to be with them." (Moroni, 4: 3)
Unobserved denominations
While Salvation Army does not reject the Eucharistic practice of other churches or deny that their members actually receive mercy through this sacrament, it does not practice the sacraments of Communion or baptism. This is because they believe that this is not necessary for the Christian life, and because in the opinion of the founders of Salvation Army William and Catherine Booth, the sacrament places too much emphasis on outward ritual and too little on spiritual conversion within.
Emphasizing the inner spiritual experience of their followers over outward rituals, the Quakers (members of the Sahabat Religious Group) generally do not baptize or observe Communion.
Practice and customs
Communion open and closed
Christian denominations differ in their understanding of whether they can receive the Eucharist with those with whom they are not in full fellowship. The famous Holy Father, St. Justin Martyr (about 150) writes: "No one else is allowed to partake of it, except the one who believes that our teaching is true...." For the first few hundred years, non-members were forbidden to even attend sacramental rituals; visitors and catechumens (still teaching) are dismissed in the midst of the Liturgy, after reading the Bible and preaching but before the Eucharistic ceremony. This ancient custom is still seen in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, where the Mass is divided into two parts; The Mass of the Catechumens, and the Faithful Mass. The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, used in the Byzantine Rite, still has a catechetical dismissal formula (usually not followed by any action) at this point.
Churches like the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church practice closed fellowship under normal circumstances. However, the Catholic Church permits the administration of the Eucharist, at their spontaneous request, to worthy eastern church members (Eastern Orthodox, Orthodox Oriental and Eastern Churches) not in full communion with it and other churches of the Holy See judges to be sacramental in the same position with these churches; and in urgent and urgent needs, such as the dangers of death, it allows the Eucharist to be given also to those who do not belong to these churches but who share the faith of the Catholic Church in the reality of the Eucharist and have no access to a pastor. their own communities. Some Protestant communities exclude non-members from Communion.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) practices open fellowship, provided that those who receive are baptized, but the Lutheran-Missouri Synod Synod and the Lutheran Evangelical Wisconsin Church (WELS) practice closed fellowship, excluding non-members and requiring communicants to be given catechetical instruction. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Evangelical Church in Germany, the Church of Sweden, and many other Lutheran churches outside the US also practice open fellowship. Some people use the term "close communion" for the same denominational restrictions, and "closed covenants" for restrictions on local members only.
Most Protestant communities including Congregational churches, the Church of Nazareth, the Assemblies of God, Methodists, most Presbyterian, Anglican, and Church of Christ and other non-denominational churches practice various forms of open fellowship. Some churches do not restrict only to members of the congregation, but to anyone present (regardless of Christian affiliation) who regard themselves as Christians. Others demand that the communicant be baptized, or a member of the denomination's church or a denomination "like faith and practice". Some Progressive Christian congregations offer fellowship to every individual who wishes to commemorate the life and teachings of Christ, regardless of religious affiliation.
In the Episcopal Church (United States), those who do not receive Holy Communion can enter the line of communion with their hands crossed on their chests, to receive the blessing of the priest, instead of receiving Holy Communion. This practice is also used in Roman Catholic churches at funerals masses, where attendees often include non-Catholics.
Most Latter-day Saint churches practice closed fellowship; one exception is the Community of Christ, the second largest denomination in the movement. While The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the largest of LDS denominations) technically practiced closed fellowship, their official direction to local Church leaders (in Handbook 2, section 20.4.1, the last paragraph) is as follows: "Although the sacrament is for Church members, the bishopric should not announce that it will be left to the members only, and there is nothing to be done to prevent nonmembers from taking part."
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Catholic
The Catholic Church requires its members to receive the sacrament of Atonement or Reconciliation before taking Communion if they are aware of having committed a mortal sin and prepare by fasting, praying, and other works of piety.
Eastern Orthodox
Traditionally, Eastern Orthodox churches have required its members to observe all the fasts raised by the church (most weeks, this will be at least Wednesday and Friday) for the week before taking part of communion, and to fast from all the food and water from midnight the night before. In addition, Orthodox Christians must make new confessions to their priests (varying frequency with certain priests), and they must make peace with all others, which means that they have no grudge or anger against anyone. In addition, a person is expected to attend Vespers or Night Nights, if offered, the night before receiving Communion. In addition, pre-communion prayers have been composed, many (but not all) of the Orthodox church require or at least strongly encourage members to say privately before coming to the Eucharist.
Protestant recognition
Many Protestant congregations in general have periods of time for self-examination and personal, mute confession just before taking part in the Lord's Supper.
Footwashing
The Seventh-day Adventists, Mennonites, and several other groups participated in "footwashing" (see John 13: 3-17 ) in preparation for taking part in the Lord's Supper. At that time they should examine themselves individually, and confess any sin they may have between one another.
Adoration
Eucharistic adoration is a practice in Roman Catholics, Anglo-Catholics and some Lutheran traditions, where the Blessed Sacrament is exposed and worshiped by the faithful. When this exposure and adoration is constant (twenty-four hours a day), it is called Eternal Adoration . In a parish, this is usually done by volunteer parishioners; in a monastery or monastery, it is performed by a resident monk or nun. In Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament , the Eucharist is shown in a monstrance, usually placed on the altar, sometimes with light focused on it, or with flanking candles.
Health issues
Gluten
Gluten on wheat bread is harmful to people with celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders, such as non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy. For the Catholic Church, this issue is discussed in the July 24, 2003 letter of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which summarizes and clarifies the previous declaration. The Catholic Church believes that the issue of the Eucharist should be a whole grain of bread and wine fermented from grapes: it is argued that, if gluten has been completely removed, the result is an untruthed wheat bread. For celiac, but not in general, this allows low-gluten bread. It also allows Holy Communion to be accepted under the form of bread or wine only, except by a priest who celebrates Mass without any other priest or as the main celebrant. Many Protestant churches offer a communal gluten free alternative to wheat bread, usually in the form of rice crackers or gluten free bread.
Alcohol
The Catholic Church believes that grape juice that has not begun to minimal to ferment is unacceptable as wine, which is considered essential for the celebration of the Eucharist. For alcoholics, but not generally, this allows the use of mustums (grape juice in which fermentation has begun but has been suspended without changing the nature of juice), and he argues that "since Christ is sacramentally present under each species, the fellowship below the bread species alone allows to receive all the fruits of the Eucharistic grace.For pastoral reasons, this method of receiving communion has been legitimately designated as the most common form in the Latin rite. "
As pointed out, one exception is in the case of a priest celebrating Mass without any other priest or as the main celebrant. Water that in the Latin Church prescribed to be mixed with wine should be only a relatively small amount. The practice of the Coptic Church is that the mixture should be two parts wine for one part water.
Many Protestant churches allow pastors and communicants to take mustum instead of wine. In addition, or as a substitute for wine, some churches offer pasteurized grape juice to stop the process of fermentation naturally experienced by juice; the de-alcoholic wine from which most of the alcohol has been removed (between 0.5% and 2% fixed), or water. Exclusive use of grape juice without common fermentation in Baptist churches, United Methodist Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Christian Church/Christ Church, Christ Church, Lord's Church (Anderson, Indiana) Lutherans, Assemblies of God, Pentecost, Evangelicals, Christian Missionary Alliances, and other independent American Protestant churches.
Fear of disease transmission
The risk of transmission of communicable diseases associated with using a common communion cup is low, until it is undetectable. There is no case of communicable disease transmission associated with a public communion cup ever documented. The disease that is most likely to be transmitted is a common viral illness like the common cold, but a study of 681 people found that taking communion daily from a common cup did not increase the risk of outside infection from those who did not attend the service at all.
In the epidemic of influenza, some churches suspend the giving of fellowship in the form of wine, for fear of spreading the disease. This is in full accord with the Catholic Church's belief that communion under the bread alone allows to receive all the fruits of the Eucharistic grace. However, the same measure has also been taken by churches that usually emphasize the importance of accepting fellowship in both forms. This was done in 2009 by the Church of England.
Some fear transmission through handling that is involved in distributing the host to the communicant, even if they are placed in the hands rather than on the tongue. Therefore, some churches use mechanical wafer dispensers or "pillow packets" (communion wafers with grapes in them). Although this method of dispensing Communion is not accepted in the Catholic Church parish, one such church provides a mechanical dispenser to enable those who intend to communicate to be placed in a bowl, without touching them by hand, the host for use in the celebration.
See also
Note
References
Further reading
External links
- Ordinary of the Mass, Roman Rite according to the latest edition of the Roman Missal
- Sacrament of the Eucharist - Catechism of the Catholic Church
- A Brief Exposition of Divine Services
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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