Anne Boleyn 1501 - 19 May 1536) was the Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII. Henry's marriage to him, and his subsequent execution with beheadings, made him a key figure in the political and religious turbulence that was the beginning of the British Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, the 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, mostly as an honorary aide to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her cousin, James Butler, the 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plan was broken, and instead he secured the post in court as a companion to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon.
Beginning in 1523 Anne was secretly engaged to Henry Percy, son of the 5th Earl of Northumberland, but the engagement broke up when Percy's father refused to support their engagement. Cardinal Wolsey rejected the match in January 1524 and Anne was sent back to Hever Castle. In February or March 1526, Henry VIII began to pursue Anne. He refused his attempts to seduce him, refusing to be his lover, which his sister Mary had. It immediately became an interesting object of Henry's desire to cancel his marriage with Catherine of Aragon so that he would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII would not cancel the marriage, the breaking of the power of the Catholic Church in England began. In 1532, Henry was given Anne the Marquessate of Pembroke.
Henry and Anne were officially married on January 25, 1533, after a secret marriage on November 14, 1532. On May 23, 1533, the new Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage of Henry and Catherine was null and void; five days later, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage valid. Shortly after, the Pope decided on the excommunication sentence against Henry and Cranmer. As a result of this marriage and excommunication, the first break between the Church of England and Rome took place and the Church of England was brought under the control of the King. Anne was crowned Queen of England on June 1, 1533. On September 7, she gave birth to the future of Queen Elizabeth I. Henry was disappointed to have a daughter rather than a boy but hoped a son would follow and claim to love Elizabeth. Anne then suffered three miscarriages, and in 1536 March, Henry arranged for Jane Seymour. To marry Jane Seymour, Henry had to find a reason to end the marriage with Anne.
Henry VIII requested Anne to commit high treason in April 1536. On May 2 she was arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried before a jury of colleagues - including Henry Percy, her former fiancé, and her own uncle, Thomas Howard - and was found guilty on May 15. He was beheaded four days later. Modern historians look at the accusations against him, which includes adultery, incest and plotting to kill the king, as unconvincing. Some say that Anne is accused of doing magic but the indictment does not mention this allegation. After the coronation of his daughter, Elizabeth, Anne was honored as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, especially through the works of John Foxe. Over the centuries, it has inspired, or has been mentioned, in many works of art and culture and thus retains its grip on popular imagination. He has been called "the queen of the most influential and important queens Britain ever possessed", when he gave an opportunity for Henry VIII to cancel his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and declare the independence of the English church from Rome.
Video Anne Boleyn
Initial years
Anne is the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, then Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2 Duke of Norfolk. Thomas Boleyn is a respected diplomat with a language gift; he is also a favorite of Henry VII of England, who sent him to many diplomatic missions abroad. Anne and her brothers grew up in Hever Castle in Kent. However, the brothers were born in Norfolk at Boleyn's home in Blickling. The lack of parish records from that period makes it impossible to set Anne's birth date. Contemporary evidence is contradictory, with some dates already advanced by various historians. An Italian, writing in 1600, says that he was born in 1499, while William Thomas More's son-in-law William Roper showed a much slower date in 1512. His birth probably occurred between 1501 and 1507. Like Anne alone, uncertain when his two siblings were born, but it was clear that his older sister Mary was older than Anne. Mary's children obviously believed that their mother was a sister. Most historians now agree that Mary was born in 1499. Mary's granddaughter claimed the title of Ormonde in 1596 on the basis of her being the eldest daughter, whom Elizabeth I received. Their brother, George, was born around 1504.
The academic debate about Anne's birth date focuses on two main dates: 1501 and 1507. Eric Ives, an English historian and lawyer, advocated the date 1501, while Retha Warnicke, an American scholar who also wrote Anne's biography, prefers 1507 key parts of evidence the living written letter was Anne's letter in 1514. She wrote it in French to her father, who still lives in England while Anne finished her education at Mechelen, in Burgundy, now Belgium. Ives argues that his mature style of writing and writing prove that Anne must have been about thirteen at the time of his composition, while Warnicke argues that many spelling and grammatical errors indicate that the letter was written by a child. In Ives's view, this would also be around the minimum age that a girl could be a valet of honor, such as Anne to the regent, Margaret of Austria. This is supported by the claims of a late 16th-century chronicler, who wrote that Anne was twenty years old when she returned from France. These findings are contested by Warnicke in several books and articles, and the evidence does not conclusively support any date.
There are two independent contemporary sources to date 1507. Author Gareth Russell writes a summary of the evidence and relates that Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, wrote her memoir shortly before her death in 1612. The former lady-in-waiting and trust person for Queen Mary I wrote about Anne Boleyn: "He is punished and punished and has not been twenty-nine years." William Camden wrote the history of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and was granted access to Lord Burghley's private papers and state archives. In that history, in a chapter that discusses Elizabeth's early life, she notes in the margin that Anne was born on MDVII (1507).
Grandfather great grandfather Anne including a Major Lord of London, a duke, an earl, two aristocratic women, and a knight. One of them, Geoffrey Boleyn, was mercer and wool merchant before becoming Lord Mayor. The Boleyn family originally came from Blickling in Norfolk, 15 miles (24 km) north of Norwich. At the time of Anne's birth, the Boleyn family was regarded as one of the most respected in the British aristocracy. Among his brothers, he numbered the Howards family, one of the country's leading families; and one of his ancestors included King Edward I of England. According to Eric Ives, he certainly has a nobler birth than Jane Seymour, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr, three other Henry wives. The Boleyn name spelling is variable, as usual at the time. Sometimes written as Bullen , then the head of a bull that forms part of the family arm. In court of Margaret Austria in the Netherlands, Anne is listed as Boullan . From there he signed a letter to his father as Anna de Boullan . He is also referred to as "Anna Bolina"; This Latinised form is used in most of his portraits.
Anne's initial education is typical for women in her class. In 1513, Anne was invited to join the school room of Margaret of Austria and her four wards. His academic education was limited to arithmetic, family tree, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing. He develops domestic skills such as dancing, embroidery, manners, household management, music, sewing, and singing. Anne learned to play, like cards, chess, and dice. He is also taught archery, eagles, horseback riding, and hunting.
Dutch and French
Anne's father continued his diplomatic career under Henry VIII. In Europe, the charm of Thomas Boleyn won many admirers, including Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. During this period, Margaret ruled the Netherlands on behalf of her niece Charles and was so impressed with Boleyn that she offered her daughter Anne a place in her household. Usually, a girl must be twelve years old to have such an honor, but Anne may be younger, because Archduchess lovingly refers to her as "She is petite Boulin [ sic ]" >. Anne made a good impression in the Netherlands with her attitude and skills, Margaret reported that she spoke well and was pleasant for her young age, and told Sir Thomas Boleyn that her daughter was "very polite and pleasant, given her young age, that I am more grateful to You for sending it to me, rather than you to me "(EW Ives, op.cit.). Anne stayed with Margaret from the spring of 1513 until her father arranged her to attend the sister of Henry VIII, Mary, who would marry Louis XII of France in October 1514.
In France, Anne is a maid of honor for Queen Mary, and then to Mary, 15-year-old stepdaughter, Queen Claude, who lives nearly seven years. In Queen's household, she completed her studies of France and developed an interest in the art, fashion, illuminated manuscripts, literature, music, poetry, and religious philosophy. He also gained knowledge of French culture, dance, ethics, literature, music, and poetry and came to gain experience in playing games and love games in court. Although all knowledge of Anne's experience in French courts is a conjecture, even Eric Ives, in his latest biographical edition, the allegation that he might have met the younger brother of King Francis I, Marguerite de Navarre, humanist and reformist patron. Marguerite de Navarre is also a writer in her own right, and her works include elements of Christian mysticism and the reforms that appear in heresy, although she is protected by her status as the beloved sister of the French king. He or his circle may have encouraged Anne's interest in reform, also in poetry and literature. Anne's education in France proved itself in later years, inspiring many new trends among women and courtiers of England, and it may play an important role in suppressing their King against the devastating cultural contemplation with the Papacy itself. The latest version of Eric Ives's biography states that Anne may have evangelization beliefs and a strong spiritual inner life. William Forrest, contemporary poetry writer on Catherine of Aragon, praised Anne's "passing excellent" skill as a dancer. "Here," he wrote, "is a fresh, young girl who can travel and go."
Anne has an average height and she has a slender body with dark or dark brown hair that is long straight and thick, dark brown eyes, a very strong nose, a definite wide mouth with thin lips, and olive skin. He is considered brilliant, charming, encouraged, elegant, forthright, and graceful with keen intelligence and a lively, opinionated, passionate personality. Anne is described as "sweet and cheerful" in her youth and she enjoys cards and dice games, drinks wine, eats French cuisine, flirts, gambles, gossip, and hears good jokes. He likes archery, hawks, hunting, and occasional bowl games. But Anne also has a sharp tongue and a bad temper.
Anne gives a strong charm to the people who meet her, despite her different opinions on her charm. The Venetian Diarist Marino Sanuto, who saw Anne when Henry VIII met Francis I in Calais in October 1532, described it as "not one of the most handsome women in the world: she was a decent, dark-skinned, long-necked, wide-spoked, lifted... eyes, black and beautiful ". Simon GrynÃÆ'Â e wrote to Martin Bucer in 1531 September that Anne was "young, handsome, dark-skinned". Lancelot de Carle called her "beautiful with an elegant figure", and a Venetian in Paris in 1528 also reported that she was said to be beautiful. Anne's most influential description, but also the most unreliable, was written by Catholic propagandist and polemic Nicholas Sanders in 1586, half a century after Anne's death: "Anne Boleyn is rather tall, with black hair, and oval face, pale skin, problematic with jaundice It is said that he has teeth protruding under his upper lip, and in his right hand there are six fingers There is a big wen under his chin, and therefore hide his ugliness he is wearing a tall dress covering his throat... He is handsome to be seen , with a pretty mouth ". Sanders held Anne in charge of Henry VIII's rejection of the Catholic Church, and wrote fifty years after his death, eager to lie to him. Sanders' description contributes to what biographer Eric Ives calls "the monster legend" of Anne Boleyn. Although the details are fictitious, they have formed the basis for reference to Anne's appearance even in some modern textbooks.
Anne's experience in France made him a devout Christian in a new tradition of Renaissance humanism. Anne knew a little Latin and, trained in a French court, she was influenced by "evangelical French humanism" which led her to win the vernacular Bible. While he later held a reformist position that the papacy was a destructive influence on Christianity, its conservative tendency could be seen in its devotion to the Virgin Mary. Anne's European education ended in 1521, when her father called her back to England. He sailed from Calais in January 1522.
Maps Anne Boleyn
In court Henry VIII: 1522-1533
Anne was called to marry her Irish cousin, James Butler, a young man who was several years older than he and who lived in the English court, in an attempt to settle a dispute over the title and plantation of the Earldom of Ormond. The 7th Earl of Ormond died in 1515, leaving behind his daughters, Margaret Boleyn and Anne St Leger, as fellow heirs. In Ireland, great-grandchild of the 3rd earl, Sir Piers Butler, fought for a will and claimed the Earldom himself. He already owns Kilkenny Castle - the ancestral home of the ancestors. Sir Thomas Boleyn, as the eldest son's son, felt the title belonged to him and protested against his brother-in-law, Duke of Norfolk, who spoke to Henry about the matter. Henry, afraid of a dispute could be a spark to wage a civil war in Ireland, trying to resolve this issue by arranging an alliance between the sons of Piers, James, and Anne Boleyn. He will take Ormond's legacy as a dowry and end the dispute. The plan ended in failure, probably because Sir Thomas was expecting a bigger marriage for his daughter or because he himself wanted the title. Whatever the reason, the marriage negotiations were completely stopped. James Butler later married Lady Joan Fitzgerald, daughter and heir of James FitzGerald, 10 Earl of Desmond and Amy O'Brien.
Mary Boleyn, elder sister Anne Boleyn, had previously been recalled from France at the end of 1519, ostensibly for his affairs with the French king and his nobles. He married William Carey, a small nobleman, in February 1520, in Greenwich, with Henry VIII present; Soon after, Mary Boleyn became the lady of the King of England. Historians refute Henry VIII's father from one or both of Mary Boleyn's children who were born during this marriage. Henry VIII: The King and His Court , by Alison Weir, questioned Henry Carey's father; Dr. G.W. Bernard (The King Reformation) and Joanna Denny (Anne Boleyn: The New Life of the Tragic Queen of England ) argue that Henry VIII is their father. Henry does not recognize any child, as did his son Henry Fitzroy, his illegitimate son by Elizabeth Blount, Lady Talboys.
Anne made her but at the ChÃÆ' Â ¢ teau Vert (Green Castle) contest in honor of the imperial ambassador on March 4, 1522, playing "Perseverance." There he took part in a complex dance that accompanied Henry's sister, Mary, several other women in the palace, and his sister. All wore white satin dress embroidered with gold thread. He quickly proved himself to be one of the most stylish and accomplished women in the palace, and soon a number of young men competed for him.
The American historian, Retha M. Warnicke writes that Anne is "the perfect female retainer... her carriage is graceful and her French outfits are fun and stylish, she dances easily, has a pleasant singing voice, plays the harp and some other instruments with good music, and speaks fluent French... A magnificent, intelligent, and astute young noble lady... who first draws people into a conversation with her and then amuses and comforts them.In short, her energy and vitality make her the center of attention at a meeting social. "Henry VIII biographer JJ Scarisbrick adds that Anne" enjoys "the attention she receives from her admirers.
During this time, Anne was approached by Henry Percy, the son of the Earl of Northumberland, and held a secret engagement with the young man. Thomas Wolsey's man, George Cavendish, states that they are not lovers. If Cavendish is trustworthy, their relationship is celibate. The romance broke up when Percy's father refused to support their engagement. Cardinal Wolsey rejected the match for some reason. According to Cavendish, Anne was sent from court to her family's rural estates, but it is not known how long. After returning to court, he re-entered the service of Catherine of Aragon. Percy is married to Lady Mary Talbot, to whom she has been engaged since adolescence.
Before marrying Henry VIII, Anne befriended Sir Thomas Wyatt, who was one of the greatest poets of the Tudor government. In 1520, Wyatt married Elizabeth Cobham, who by many, not his chosen wife. Thus, in 1525, Wyatt accused his wife of adultery and parted from him; Coincidentally, historians believe that it is also the year in which Anne's interest in Anne increases. In 1532, Wyatt accompanied the royal couple to Calais in France.
In 1526, Henry VIII became enamored with Anne and began chasing. Anne is a skilled player in court love games, which are often played in the front room. It may be how he catches the eye of Henry, who is also an experienced player. Some say that Anne rejected the King's attempts to seduce him, refused to be his lover, often leaving the palace to be alone at Hever Castle. But within a year, she proposes marriage with her, and she accepts it. Both assume the cancellation can be obtained in a matter of months. There is no evidence to suggest that they were involved in sexual intercourse until some time before their marriage; Henry's love letters to Anne show that their love affairs remain untested for most of their seven-year courtship.
Henry Cancellation
It is possible that the idea of ​​cancellation (not divorce as it is commonly assumed) has suggested him to Henry much earlier than this and is motivated by his desire for an heir to secure Tudor's claim to the crown. Before Henry's father Henry VII ascended the throne, Britain was hit by a civil war over rival claims for the crown and Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession. She and Catherine had no surviving sons: all Catherine's children except Mary died in infancy. Catherine of Aragon first came to England to become a bride for Henry's brother, Arthur, who died soon after their marriage. Because Spain and Britain still wanted an alliance, the dispensation was given by Pope Julius II on the grounds that Catherine was still a virgin. Catherine and Henry's marriage took place in 1509, but eventually he doubted its validity, because of Catherine's inability to give the heir seen as a sign of God's displeasure. Her feelings for Anne, and her refusal to be her lover, may have contributed to Henry's decision that no Pope has the right to set aside the Bible. This meant that he had lived in sin with Catherine of Aragon for many years, though Catherine vigorously disputed this and refused to admit that her marriage to Arthur had been perfected. It also means that his daughter Mary is a bastard, and that the new Pope (Clement VII) must admit the Pope's previous mistakes and cancel his marriage. Henry's search for cancellations became known as "King's Great Matter".
Anne saw an opportunity in Henry's madness and comfortable moral confusion. He decides that he will surrender to his embrace only as a recognized queen. He started taking his place by his side in policy and in a state, but not yet in his bed.
Scholars and historians have various opinions about how deeply Anne's commitment to the Reformation, how much she may be only ambitious in person, and how she should do against the powers of Henry's pontiff. There is anecdotal evidence, related to the biographer George Wyatt by his ex-wife Anne Gainsford, that Anne brought Henry's attention to a heretical pamphlet, perhaps Tyndale "The Obedience of a Christian Man" or one by Simon Fish called "The Prayer for Beggars," who shouted to the king to curb the evil excesses of the Catholic Church. He sympathizes with those who seek further reform of the Church, and actively protects the scholars who work on English translations of the scriptures. According to Maria Dowling, "Anne tries to educate the waiting women in biblical piety" and is believed to have rebuked her cousin, Mary Shelton, for "having 'sleeping cakes' written in her prayer book." If Cavendish was to be believed, Anne's anger at Wolsey might have personalized any philosophical defense she had brought from France. Furthermore, the latest edition of Ives's biography recognizes that Anne is quite likely to have a personal spiritual awakening in her youth that encouraged her, not only as a catalyst but a forwarder to the Henry Reformation, although the process took several years.
In 1528, sweating diseases broke out very violently. In London, the death toll is huge and the court dispersed. Henry left London, often changing his home; Anne Boleyn retreated to Boleyn's residence at Hever Castle, but contracted the disease; his brother-in-law, William Carey, died. Henry sent his own doctor to Hever Castle to take care of Anne, and shortly after, he recovered. It immediately became an interesting object of Henry's desire to secure the cancellation of Catherine. Henry had set his expectations on the direct appeal to the Holy See, acting independently of Cardinal Wolsey, to whom he initially did not communicate anything of his plans related to Anne. In 1527 William Knight, the secretary of the King, was sent to Pope Clement VII to demand the cancellation of his marriage with Catherine, on the grounds that the pope of Julius II allowed him to marry his brother Catherine's widow had been obtained. under false pretenses. Henry also petitioned, in case he became free, was dispensed to contract a new marriage with any woman even on the first level of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by a legitimate connection or unlawful. This is clearly called Anne.
When the Pope, at that time, prisoner Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, as a result of the Roman sack in May 1527, Knight had difficulty in gaining access. In the end he had to return with conditional dispensation, which, according to Wolsey, was technically inadequate. Henry now has no choice but to leave his big deal in the hands of Wolsey, who does everything he can to get a decision that supports Henry, even to an ecclesiastical court in England, with a special envoy, Lorenzo Campeggio of Pimpin himself to decide on this matter. But the Pope has never empowered his deputy to make a decision. The pope is still a real hostage to Charles V, and Charles V is faithful to his aunt, Catherine. The Pope forbade Henry to sign a new marriage until a decision was reached in Rome, not in Britain. Convinced that Wolsey's loyalty lies with the Pope, not Britain, Anne, and also Wolsey's enemy, ensuring his dismissal from public office in 1529. George Cavendish, Wolsey's treasurer, notes that the waiters who waited for the king and Anne at dinner at 1529 in Grafton heard him said that the disrespect that Wolsey brought to the world would harm other Englishmen. Henry replied, "Then why did I see... You're not a Cardinal's friend." Henry finally agreed to Wolsey's arrest on the grounds of praemunire . Had it not been for his death from the disease in 1530, he might have been executed for treason. A year later in 1531 (two years before Henry married Anne), Queen Catherine was thrown out of court and her room was given to Anne.
Public support remains with Queen Catherine. One night in the fall of 1531, Anne was eating in a noble house on the Thames and was almost caught by an angry crowd of women. Anne had just managed to escape by boat.
When the Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died in 1532, the Boleyn family pastor, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed, with papal approval.
In 1532, Thomas Cromwell brought before Parliament a number of actions including the Plea against the Ordinary and the Deliverance of the Clergy, which recognized the royal supremacy of the church, thus completing a break with Rome. Following this action, Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister.
Pre-wedding and marital roles
Even before her marriage, Anne Boleyn was able to petition, receive diplomats and provide protection, and have a great influence over her future husband to defend the cause of foreign diplomats. The ambassador from Milan wrote in 1531 that it was important to get his approval if someone wanted to influence the British government, a view reinforced by the previous French ambassador in 1529.
During this period, Anne Boleyn played an important role in England's international position by strengthening the alliance with France. He had a good relationship with the French ambassador, Gilles de la Pommeraie. Anne and Henry attended a meeting with the French king at Calais in the winter of 1532, where Henry hoped to win French support for Francis I of France for his intended marriage. On September 1, 1532, Henry granted him the suo jure of Marquessate of Pembroke, a slave to the queen of the future; therefore he became a rich and important woman: the three dukes and two marquesses that existed in 1532 were brother-in-law of the King, the illegitimate son of the King, and other noble descendants; he ranked above all other colleagues. The Pembroke land and the title of Earl of Pembroke have been held by Henry's uncle, and Henry performs the coronation itself.
Anne's family also benefited from that relationship. His father, already Viscount Rochford, created Earl of Wiltshire. Henry also comes into the setting with Anne Anne's cousin and creates her Earl of Ormond. At a magnificent dinner to celebrate his father's ascension, Anne precedes the Duke of Suffolk and Norfolk, sitting in a place of honor beside the King that is usually occupied by the Queen. Thanks to Anne's intervention, her sister Mary received an annual pension of £ 100, and Mary's son, Henry Carey, was educated at the prestigious Cistercian monastery.
The conference at Calais was a political victory, but although the French government implicitly encouraged Henry to remarry and Francis I himself held a private conference with Anne, the King of France maintained an alliance with the Pope who could not explicitly oppose it.
Immediately upon his return to Dover, Henry and Anne were married in a secret ceremony on November 14, 1532. He soon became pregnant and, to legalize the first marriage considered unlawful at the time, there was a second wedding service, as well as personally in accordance with The Royal Book, which took place in London on January 25, 1533. The event now began to move quickly. On May 23, 1533, Cranmer (who had accelerated, with the approval of the Pope, to the position of the Archbishop of Canterbury recently abandoned by the death of Warham) sat on trial in a special court held at Dunstable Priory to decide on the validity of the King's Wedding with Catherine of Aragon. He then declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on May 28, 1533, Cranmer declared Henry and Anne's marriage to be good and valid.
Queen of England: 1533-1536
Catherine was officially stripped of her title as queen and Anne was consequently crowned as queen queen on June 1, 1533 in a magnificent ceremony at Westminster Abbey with a banquet thereafter. She is the queen's last queen of Britain crowned separately from her husband. Unlike the queen's other queen, Anne was crowned with the Crown of St. Edward, who had previously been used to crown a king. Historian Alice Hunt points out that this was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible at the time and she was bringing the heirs who allegedly became male. The day before, Anne had taken part in an elaborate procession through the streets of London sitting on a stretcher of "white golden cloth" resting on two palfreys dressed to the ground on white damask, while a baron from Port Cinque held a canopy of gold cloth over his head. In keeping with tradition, he wore white clothing, and on his head a gold corona beneath which his long black hair hung freely. The public response to her appearance was lukewarm.
Meanwhile, the House of Commons banned all appeals to Rome and demanded praemunire punishment against all those who introduced bull whales to England. It was only then that Pope Clement finally took steps to announce a temporary excommunication sentence against King and Cranmer. He cursed his marriage with Anne, and in March 1534, he declared marriage to Catherine legal and once again ordered Henry to return to him. Henry now requires his people to swear an oath attached to the First Succession Act, which effectively rejects the pope's authority in legal matters and recognizes Anne Boleyn as queen. Those who refused, such as Sir Thomas More, who resigned as Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, were then stationed at the Tower of London. At the end of 1534 the parliament declared Henry "the only supreme head of the Church of England". The Church in England is now under Henry's control, not Rome. On May 14, 1534, in one of the first official acts protecting Reformist Protestants, Anne wrote a letter to Thomas Cromwell asking for his help to ensure that British merchant Richard Herman was restored to be a member of the merchant adventurer in Antwerp and no longer persecuted just because he had helped in "establishing the New Testament in English." Before and after his coronation, Anne protected and promoted evangelicals and those who wanted to study the scriptures of William Tyndale. He had a decisive role in influencing Protestant reformer Matthew Parker to attend the court as his pastor, and before his death entrusted his daughter to the care of Parker.
The struggle for a son
After his coronation, Anne had a quiet routine at the king's favorite residence, Greenwich Palace, to prepare for the birth of her baby. The child was born prematurely on September 7, 1533. Between three and four in the afternoon, Anne gave birth to a girl, who was baptized Elizabeth, probably to honor one or both of Anne's mothers, Elizabeth Howard and Henry's mother, Elizabeth from York. But the birth of a girl is a heavy blow to her parents, because they confidently expect a son. All but one royal physician and astrologer had foretold a son for them and the king of France had been asked to stand as his godfather. Now a prepared letter announcing the birth of a prince has hastened to add to them to read the prince and the traditional wait tournament for the birth of a prince the heir is aborted.
Nevertheless, the infant daughter was given extraordinary baptism, but Anne worried that Catherine's daughter, Mary, who had now lost her daughter's title and was branded a scoundrel, posed a threat to Elizabeth's position. Henry calms his wife's fears by separating Mary from many of her servants and sends her to Hatfield House, where Princess Elizabeth will stay with her own rather large wait staff, and where the country's air is considered better for her baby's health. Anne often visits her daughter in Hatfield and other residences.
The new queen has a larger butler staff than Catherine. There are over 250 employees to take care of his personal needs, everyone from pastor to stable boys, and over 60 honorary ministers who serve him and accompany him to social events. He also employs some priests who act as confessors of their confessions, priests, and religious advisers. One of them is Matthew Parker, who will be one of the chief architects of Anglican thinking during the reign of Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I.
Fight with king
His new king and queen enjoyed a fairly happy deal with a calm and loving period. Anne Boleyn's keen intelligence, political intelligence, and courtesy in the future, though desirable to a mistress, at the time, was unacceptable to a wife. He has been reported to have spoken with his uncle with words that "should not be used for dogs". After the birth of death or a miscarriage as early as Christmas 1534, Henry is discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the possibility of divorcing him without having to return to Catherine. Nothing came of trouble when the royal couple reconciled and spent the summer of 1535 in the process. In October, she was pregnant again.
Anne Boleyn leads an extraordinary court. He spends a lot of money on dresses, jewelry, head dresses, ostrich fans, horse riding equipment, furniture and upholstery, retaining the luxurious look needed by his status. Many of the palaces were renovated according to him and Henry's fancy taste. His motto is "The happiest," and he chooses a white eagle as his personal tool.
Anne was blamed for the tyranny of her husband's government and referred to by some as the "whore of the king" or "bitter bitch" [prostitute]. Public opinion changed further against him after his failure to produce a son. It sank even lower after the execution of his enemies, Sir Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher.
Destruction and execution: 1536
On January 8, 1536, news of the death of Catherine of Aragon reached the King and Anne, who were very happy. The next day, Henry and Anne wore yellow clothing, a symbol of joy and celebration in England, from head to toe, and celebrated Catherine's death with celebration. In Spain, the home country of Catherine of Aragon, the yellow color is the color of grief, besides the black color. For this reason, the use of yellow by Henry and Anne may be a symbol of mourning. With Mary's mother's death, Anne tried to make peace with her. Mary rejected Anne's offer, probably because of the rumor that Catherine was poisoned by Anne or Henry. It begins after discovery during embalming that his heart is blackened. Modern medical experts agree that this is not the result of poisoning, but liver cancer, something that was not understood at the time.
The Queen, who is pregnant again, realizes the danger if she fails to give birth to a son. With Catherine's death, Henry will be free to marry without blemishes of illegality. At this time Henry started paying the court to Jane Seymour. She gives him a locket with a small portrait of himself inside and Jane, in front of Anne, starts opening and closing it. Anne responded by tearing the locket with such force, her fingers bleeding.
Later that month, the King was excluded from the tournament and passed out for two hours, an alarming incident Anne believed to have caused her miscarriage five days later. Another possible cause of miscarriage is the incident when entering a room, Anne sees Jane Seymour sitting on Henry's lap and flying into anger. Whatever the cause, on the day when Catherine of Aragon was buried in the Peterborough Monastery, Anne persecuted a baby who, according to the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys, had given birth for about three and a half months, and who "appeared to be male. Chapuys commented, "He's been torturing his savior." In the opinion of Chapuys, this loss is the beginning of the end of royal marriage.
Given Henry's desperate desire for a son, Anne's pregnancy sequence has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculates that Anne had two children born to death after Elizabeth's birth and before her son she had a miscarriage in 1536. Most sources only prove Elizabeth's birth in September 1533, the possibility of miscarriage in the summer of 1534, and the miscarriage of a child male, nearly four months of pregnancy, in January 1536. When Anne recovered from her miscarriage, Henry declared that she had been tempted into marriage by "confinement" - a French term that denoted "deception" or "mantra". His new lady, Jane Seymour, quickly moved to the royal residence. This was followed by Anne's brother, George who rejected the prestigious honorary honor, the Garter Order, given to Sir Nicholas Carew.
The cost of adultery, incest and betrayal
Biographer Anne Eric Ives (and most other historians) believe that his fall and execution was primarily engineered by his former ally Thomas Cromwell. Conversations between Chapuys and Cromwell afterwards show Cromwell as a firebrand plot to remove Anne; This evidence is seen in the Spanish Chronicle and through letters written from Chapuys to Charles V. Anne argued with Cromwell about the redistribution of Church income and foreign policy. He recommends that income be distributed to charitable and educational institutions; and he likes the French alliance. Cromwell insisted on filling the King's exhausted coffers, while taking pieces for himself, and preferring an imperial alliance. For these reasons, Ives suggests, "Anne Boleyn has been a major threat to Thomas Cromwell." Cromwell's biographer, John Schofield, on the other hand, argues that there is no power struggle between Anne and Cromwell and that "no trace can be found from the Cromwellian conspiracy against Anne... Cromwell engaged in royal wedding drama only when Henry ordered him to "Cromwell did not make allegations of adultery, though he and other officials used it to reinforce Henry's case against Anne. Historian Retha Warnicke questioned whether Cromwell could or wanted to manipulate the king in such a matter. A bold attempt by Cromwell, given the limited evidence, could risk his office, even his life. Henry himself issued an important instruction: his employees, including Cromwell, took them out. The result, according to historians, is a more modern standard as a parody of the law. Modern lawyers, however, have concluded that the time rule is not bent to convince Anne Boleyn's conviction; there is no need to tamper with rules that guarantee the desired outcome because the law of the day, like the army, is a state machine, not a mechanism for justice.
Toward the end of April, a Flemish musician at Anne's service named Mark Smeaton was arrested. He initially denied being Queen's lover but later confessed, perhaps freedom being tortured or promised. Another retainer, Henry Norris, was arrested on May Day, but being a nobleman, can not be tortured. Prior to his arrest, Norris was treated well by the King, who offered him his own horse to use on Labor Day celebrations. It seemed that during the celebration, the King was informed of the confession of Smeaton and soon the conspirators were allegedly arrested on his orders. Norris denies his mistake and swears that Queen Anne is innocent; one of the most damaging pieces of evidence against Norris was an unintentional conversation with Anne at the end of April, in which she accused her of frequenting her rooms not to pay court to Madge Shelton, the woman he had been waiting for, but for herself. Sir Francis Weston was arrested two days later on the same charge, as William Brereton, a groom from the King's Chamber of Commerce. Sir Thomas Wyatt, a poet and friend of Boleyn who was allegedly infatuated with him before marrying the king, was also imprisoned for the same claim but later released, most likely because of his friendship with Cromwell. Sir Richard Page was also accused of having sexual relations with the Queen, but he was released from all charges after further investigation could not involve her with Anne. The last defendant was Queen Anne's brother, George Boleyn, who was arrested on charges of incest and betrayal. He was accused of two incest incidents: November 1535 in Whitehall and the following month at Eltham.
On May 2, 1536, Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London by a barge. It is possible that Anne may have entered the Court Gate at Byward Tower rather than the Trafford Gate, according to historian and author of The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, Eric Ives. At Tower, he fainted, demanding to know his father's location and "swete broder", and accusations against him.
In what was considered his last letter to Henry, dated May 6, he wrote:
"Sir,
The displeasure of your Grace, and my imprisonment are very strange things to me, as to what to write, or what to forgive, I have absolutely no idea. Whereas you send to me (willing me to acknowledge the truth, and thus get your help) with something like that, which you know to be my ancient adopted enemy. I immediately receive this message from him, than I really understand your point; and if, as you say, acknowledging a truth may indeed gain my salvation, I will with all the willingness and obligation to do your request.
But let not Grace you imagine, that your poor wife will be brought to admit mistakes, where not so much thought is preceded. And to speak the truth, the prince never has a more faithful wife in all the duties, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in Anne Boleyn: by whose name and place I can gladly be satisfied, if God and pleasure Your grace has great pleasure. I also never forget myself in my exaltation or accept Queenship, but I am always looking for change as I find it now; for the reason I'm not on a clearer foundation than your Grace likes, the smallest change I know is appropriate and enough to draw that attention to another object. You have chosen me, from a low place, to being queen and your companion, far beyond the desert or my desires. If you then consider me worthy of such honor, it is fine that your Grace will not let any light brilliance, or my enemy's bad council, withdraw your prince's help from me; do not let that stain, that improper stain, from an unfaithful heart toward your good grace, have thrown so much stains on your most filial wife, and your daughter daughter daughter. Let me, the good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and do not let my nemesis sit as my accuser and judge; yes let me accept the hearing open, because the truth I will fear no flame; then you will see if my innocence is clean, your suspicions and your conscience are satisfied, the hatred and slander of the world stall, or my guilt openly expressed. In order for God to be anything or you can determine me, your grace can be freed from open criticism, and my offenses are legally proven, your grace is freedom, both in the presence of God and man, not just to execute a proper punishment on me as an illegitimate wife, but to follow your affection, have settled at the party, for her sake I am now like me, whose name I can some good time for showing, Your Grace does not ignore my suspicions in it. But if you've determined me, and it's not just my death, but the famous slander must bring you the happiness you want; then I want God, that he will forgive your great sin in it, and also my enemies, his tools, and that he will not call you into a strict account of your cruel and not cruel use of me, in the chair the general judgment, in which you and I must arise immediately, and in his judgment I doubt no (whatever the world thinks of me) my innocence will be known openly, and simply cleansed. My last and only wish is that I can only bear the burden of your Grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch the innocent souls of those poor people who (as I understand it) are also in the strait prison for my sake. If I find the good in front of your eyes, if ever the name of Anne Boleyn has been pleasing to your ear, then let me get this request, and I will leave to question your Grace further, with my sincere prayer to the Trinity to have your Grace in Maintenance which is good, and to direct you in all your actions. From my stupid prison in the Tower, this is May 6th;
Your most loyal and faithful wife, Anne Boleyn "
Four of the men accused of being tried in Westminster on May 12, 1536. Weston, Brereton, and Norris openly defended their innocence and only the tortured Smeaton supported the Crown by pleading guilty. Three days later, Anne and George Boleyn were tried separately in the Tower of London, before a jury of 27 colleagues. He is accused of adultery, incest, and high treason. With the betrayal of the Act of Edward III, adultery on the part of the queen is a form of betrayal (due to implications for the succession of the throne) whose punishment hangs, draws and quartering for a man and burns alive for women, but the accusations, and especially incestual adultery, are also designed to cast doubt on his moral character. Another form of treason charged to him is to plan the king's death, with his "lover," so that he may later marry Henry Norris. Henry Percy, the 6th Earl of Northumberland, sat on the jury unanimously declaring that Anne was guilty. When the verdict was announced, he passed out and had to be taken from the courtroom. She died childless eight months later and was replaced by her niece. According to a 1980 legal review by Schauer and Schauer, "there is little if any evidence, irrespective of the possibility of Smeaton's torture, that the rules of time were in any way bent to convince Anne Boleyn's convictions."
On May 14, Cranmer declared Anne's marriage with Henry null and void.
Last hour
Although the evidence against them was inconclusive, the defendant was found guilty and sentenced to death. George Boleyn and others accused were executed on May 17, 1536. William Kingston, Constable of the Tower, reported that Anne looked very happy and ready to do with life. Henry converts Anne's sentence from arson to behead, and instead of having a queen beheaded with a common ax, he brings an expert swordsman from Saint-Omer in France, to execute. On the morning of May 19, Kingston wrote:
This morning he called me, that I might be with him when he received a good God, with the intention that I should hear him speak as touching his innocence to be clear. And in this writing he sent for me, and on my arrival he said, 'Mr. Kingston, I heard I would not die before noon, and I am very sorry for it, because I think dead at the moment and through my pain. 'I told him that there should be no pain, it's very little. And then he said, 'I hear, the executioner is very good, and I have a little neck,' and then put his hand on it, laughing out loud. I have seen many men and women executed, and that they are very sad, and to my knowledge, this woman has a lot of joy in death. Sir, his almoner went with him, and from two o'clock past midnight.
Future deaths may have caused great sadness for some time during his imprisonment. The poem "Oh Death Rock Me Asleep" is generally believed to have been written by Anne and revealed that she might expect death to end her suffering.
Shortly before dawn, he called Kingston to hear him with him, and swore his presence, to the eternal salvation of his soul, to the Holy Sacrament, that he had never been faithful to the king. He ritualally repeats this oath soon before and after receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist.
On the morning of Friday, May 19, Anne Boleyn was executed in the area around the Tower, not on the anniversary of the execution, but rather, according to the historian Eric Ives, on the scaffold that was erected on the north side of the White Tower, in front of what is now Barak Waterloo. She wore a red skirt underneath a dark gray and loose gray gown trimmed with feathers and a mink coat. Accompanied by two female servants, Anne makes her final journey from the Queen's House to the scaffolding and she shows "evil spirits" and looks "gay as if she will not die". Anne climbed up the scaffold and made a short speech to the crowd:
Good Christians, I came here to die, because by law, and by law I was judged to die, and therefore I will not speak against it. I came here not to accuse anyone, or to say anything about it, where I was accused and cursed to die, but I prayed God saved the king and sent him long to rule over you, because the prince is softer or cheaper the heart is never there: and to me he was once a good master, a gentle and sovereign. And if anyone interferes with my goals, I ask them to judge the best. And so I leave the world and all of you, and I really want you all to pray for me. Oh God have mercy on me, to God I praise my soul.
The speech version was found in Foxe Actes and Monuments and an almost identical version in Ives (2005). In the 1,318-line poem, written in French, two weeks after Anne's death, Lancelot de Carle gives a touching account of his last words and his influence on the crowd:
He graciously calls people out of scaffolding with a voice that is somewhat overcome by weaknesses, but who collects strength as he goes on. He pleaded with his listeners to forgive him if he did not use them all by being gentle, and asking for their prayers. No need, he said, to tell why he was there, but he prayed to the Judge all over the world to have mercy on those who had condemned him, and he begged them to pray for the King, where he always finds good, fear of God , and love for his people. The audience can not refrain from tears.
Lancelot de Carle, a secretary to the French ambassador, Antoine de Castelnau, was in London in May 1536, and was an eyewitness to court and its execution. Poems, ÃÆ' â € ° pistre Contenant le ProcÃÆ'¨s Criminel Faict ÃÆ' l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre , (A Letter Containing Criminal Prohibitions Prohibited against Queen Anne Boleyn from England), gives a detailed account of Anne's early life and circumstances related to arrest, trial and execution. All accounts are similar. It is thought that Anne avoided criticizing Henry for saving Elizabeth and her family from further consequences, but even under such extreme pressure, Anne does not plead guilty, and indeed implicitly indicates her innocence, in her appeal to those who might "interfere in my dealings".
Death and burial
The ermine coat had been removed and Anne lifted her head cover, tucked her hair under her coat. After a short break with the crying women and request for prayer, she knelt down and one of her ladies closed her blindfold. He kneels upright, in the style of French execution. His final prayer consisted of his constant repetition, "Jesu received my soul, O Lord God pityed my soul."
The execution consists of one hit. It was witnessed by Thomas Cromwell; Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk 1; son of unlawful King, Henry Fitzroy; Lord Mayor of London, as well as aldermen, sheriff, and representatives of various craft guilds. Most of the King's Council is also present. Cranmer, who is at Lambeth Palace, is reported to have shed tears after telling Alexander Ales: "He who has become the Queen of England on earth today will be Queen in heaven." When the allegations were first filed against Anne, Cranmer had expressed his astonishment to Henry and his conviction that "he should not be guilty." However, Cranmer feels fragile because of his proximity to the queen, and so the night before the execution, he declares Henry's marriage to Anne has been nullified, just like Catherine before him. He made no serious effort to save Anne's life, though some sources noted that he had prepared him to die by listening to his last private confession, where he had expressed his innocence before God. On the day of his death, a Scottish friend found Cranmer crying uncontrollably in his garden in London, saying that he was convinced that Anne had now gone to Heaven.
He was then buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula. The skeleton was identified during the renovation of the chapel in 1876, during the reign of Queen Victoria, and Anne's grave was now identified on the marble floor.
Recognition and inheritance
Nicholas Sander, a Catholic follower born c. 1530, committed to dismiss Elizabeth I and re-establish Catholicism in Britain. In his book The Origins of Progressu schismatis Anglicani (Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), published in 1585, he was the first to write that Anne had six fingers on herself. right hand. Since physical disability is generally interpreted as a sign of evil, it is unlikely that Anne Boleyn will get Henry's romantic attention if she has it. After excavation in 1876, no abnormality was found. The frame is described as smooth, approximately 5'3 ", with fingers that are smooth and smooth.
Anne Boleyn is portrayed by contemporaries as an intelligent and talented person in music art and scientific pursuit. He is also strong-willed and proud, and often quarrels with Henry. Biographer Eric Ives evaluates the apparent contradictions of Anne's persona:
For us, he seems inconsistent - religious but aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with a light touch of a courtier but a powerful grip of politicians - but this is what he is, or is it just what we pull to see through the opacity of the evidence? As for his inner life, unlike the miraculous new material cache, we will never really know. But what has come to us through the centuries is the strangeness of a person who is appealing at the beginning of the twenty-first century: A woman in its own right - taking its own terms in the male world; a woman who mobilizes her education, her style and her presence to outweigh her sex losses; just looks good, but takes court and king with storm. Perhaps, ultimately, this is Thomas Cromwell's closest approach: intelligence, passion and courage.
There is no contemporary portrait of the surviving Anne Boleyn. His statue was thrown on a memorial medal in 1534, believed to be beaten to celebrate his second pregnancy.
After the coronation of his daughter as queen, Anne was honored as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, especially through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from Roman Catholic crimes and that God had provided evidence of her innocence and virtue by ensuring her daughter Elizabeth I ascended the throne. An example of Anne's immediate influence in the reformed church is what Alexander Ales explained to Queen Elizabeth as "the evangelical bishops appointed by your holy mother from among scholars who prefer a purer doctrine". Over the centuries, Anne has been inspired or mentioned in various works of art and culture. As a result, he remains in popular memory and is called "the queen of the most influential and important queens Britain has ever possessed."
Confidence and spirituality
Due to Anne's early exposure to life in the palace, she had strong influence around her for most of her life. This initial influence was mostly aristocratic women, who were involved with art, history, and religion. Eric Ives describes the women around Anne as "aristocratic women seeking spiritual fulfillment". They include Queen Claude, of which Anne is a member, and Marguerite of AngoulÃÆ'ªme, who is a well-known figure during the Renaissance and has a strong religious outlook which she portrays in art through poetry. These women along with Anne's close family members, like her father Thomas Boleyn, may have a major influence on Anne's personal faith.
Another clue to Anne's personal faith can be found in Anne's books, where she writes, " le temps viendra " ["the time will come"]. In addition to this inscription he draws astrolabe, which at that time is a symbol of the Renaissance. The inscription implies that Anne is a Renaissance woman, exposed to new ideas and thoughts related to her faith since it was written in her hour book.
The last words of Anne Boleyn before the beheading were prayers for his salvation, his king, and his country. He said, "Good Christians, I have come here to die, because according to the law, and by law, I am judged unto death, and therefore I will not speak against it I have come here not to accuse anyone, any thing about it I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray the Lord rescues the king, and sends him long to rule over you, for a more gentle, or more merciful prince never existed, and to me he has ever been Tuan good, gentle, and sovereign. "John Foxe, the martyrologist, included Anne in his book," The Martyrs Book of Martyrs, "advocated Anne to be a good woman who had sincere faith and believed in her God. Foxe also believed that his goodwill sign was God's blessing for the offspring of Anne, Elizabeth I, and let her daughter become rich as queen.
Legends
Many of the legends and fantastic stories about Anne Boleyn have survived for centuries. One is that he was secretly buried in the Salle Church in Norfolk on b
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